scholarly journals Modeling the Total Energy Consumption of Mobile Network Services and Applications

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Yan ◽  
Chien Aun Chan ◽  
André F. Gygax ◽  
Jinyao Yan ◽  
Leith Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
Instant Messaging ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Network Services ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
End To End

Reducing the energy consumption of Internet services requires knowledge about the specific traffic and energy consumption characteristics, as well as the associated end-to-end topology and the energy consumption of each network segment. Here, we propose a shift from segment-specific to service-specific end-to-end energy-efficiency modeling to align engineering with activity-based accounting principles. We use the model to assess a range of the most popular instant messaging and video play applications to emerging augmented reality and virtual reality applications. We demonstrate how measurements can be conducted and used in service-specific end-to-end energy consumption assessments. Since the energy consumption is dependent on user behavior, we then conduct a sensitivity analysis on different usage patterns and identify the root causes of service-specific energy consumption. Our main findings show that smartphones are the main energy consumers for web browsing and instant messaging applications, whereas the LTE wireless network is the main consumer for heavy data applications such as video play, video chat and virtual reality applications. By using small cell offloading and mobile edge caching, our results show that the energy consumption of popular and emerging applications could potentially be reduced by over 80%.

scholarly journals Analysis on Photovoltaic Energy-Assisted Drying of Green Peas

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onur Taşkın ◽  
Nazmi İzli ◽  
Ali Vardar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Rehydration Ratio ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Photovoltaic Energy ◽  
Green Peas

A photovoltaic energy-assisted industrial dryer has been analyzed. The dryer has been tested in various weather and working conditions with 3 kg of green peas from 75.6% initial moisture content to 20% final moisture content (w.b.). The effect of various drying air temperatures at three levels (40, 50, and 60°C) and two distinct air velocities (3 m/s and 4 m/s) was examined. Drying performance was assessed with regard to criteria including drying kinetics, specific and total energy consumption, and color and rehydration ratio. The results have proved that total drying duration reduces as air velocity rate and drying air temperature raise. Relying upon the drying durations, the generation performances of photovoltaic panels were between 5.261 and 3.953 W. On the other part, energy consumptions of dryer were between 37.417 and 28.111 W. The best specific energy consumption was detected in 50°C at 3 m/s for 600 minutes with 7.616 kWh/kg. All drying conditions caused darkening as color parameters. Rehydration assays have showed that rehydrated green peas attained higher capacity with raised air temperature and air velocity.

scholarly journals THE DETERMINATION OF THE DRYING KINETICS AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF RED PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.) USING DIFFERENT DRYING METHODS AND MICROWAVE FINISH DRYING

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-307
Author(s):  
Gülşah Çalışkan Koç
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Moisture Diffusivity ◽  
Drying Kinetics ◽  
Red Pepper ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Thin Layer Drying ◽  
Drying Behavior ◽  
Pepper Powder

The effects of different drying processes namely microwave (MD), freeze (FD), convective (CD), and vacuum drying (VD) and combined drying methods (FD+MD and CD+MD) on drying characteristics, effective moisture diffusivity, and activation energy of red pepper powder and total energy consumption of dryers were investigated. All drying processes took place in combined form of constant and falling rate periods for all drying experiments except for CD and CD+ MD. In order to determine drying kinetics of red pepper pulp (RPP) seven thin layer drying models were fitted to experimental data and Page (MD, FD, CD, VD, CD+MD) and Logarithmic (FD+MD) models which had the highest R2 and lowest χ2 and RMSE were found to satisfactorily describe the drying behavior of RPP. Findings indicated that compared to FD and CD alone, intermitted dried samples had significantly higher Deff (p<0.05). Specific energy consumption values ranged between 3.13 and 664.52 MJ/kg H2O

scholarly journals Evaluasi Kinerja Efisiensi Energi Mesin Bubut Melalui Penilaian Indikasi Specific Energy Consumption

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
HERMAN BUDI HARJA ◽  
MOHAMMAD FAUZI ◽  
ASEP FATHAN
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Belt Transmission

ABSTRAKKondisi ketidakselarasan sistem transmisi pulley-belt pada mesin bubut berpengaruh terhadap nilai inefisiensi konsumsi energi mesin perkakas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan kajian evaluasi kinerja efisiensi energi mesin bubut pada kondisi sistem transmisi pulley-belt mesin yang selaras dan tidak selaras. Kajian ini menggunakan metoda penilaian indikasi specific energy consumption (SEC) dari proses pemesinan bubut. Nilai total konsumsi energi saat proses pemotongan diukur menggunakan power analyzer, dan diolah menjadi nilai data SEC, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan Data Envelopment Analysis untuk mendapatkan harga referensi. Penilaian skor penurunan energi setiap mesin diperoleh dengan membandingkan jarak nilai SEC setiap mesin terhadap nilai referensi. Obyek penelitian menggunakan lima buah mesin bubut uji berkapasitas daya medium. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pada kondisi ketidakselarasan sistem transmisi pulley-belt menyebabkan terjadinya inefisiensi energi mesin bubut sebesar 5%.Kata kunci: Data Envelopment Analysis ,efisiensi energi, ketidakselarasan, SEC ABSTRACTThe pulley belt transmission system's misalignment condition on turning machine affects the low-efficiency value of machine tool energy consumption. This study aims to evaluate the energy efficiency of a lathe in the alignment and misalignment of the pulley-belt transmission system. This study used a method of assessing the specific energy consumption (SEC) of the lathe machining process. During the cutting process, the total energy consumption value is measured using a power analyzer and processed into SEC data values, then analyzed using Data Envelopment Analysis to obtain a reference value. The assessment is obtained by comparing the distance between each machine's SEC value and the reference value. The case study's object was conducted on five test lathes with medium power capacity. The study results show that the pulleybelt transmission system's misalignment causes the lathe's energy inefficiency of more than 5%.Keywords: Data Envelopment Analysis, efficiency energy, misalignment, SEC

scholarly journals METHOD FOR CALCULATION THE MODES OF STRIPS COLD ROLLING ON MULTIPLE-STAND ROLLING MILL ENSURING COST REDUCTION OF SHEET ROLLING SHOP PRODUCTION. REPORT 2. AN EXAMPLE OF THE METHOD PRACTICAL USE ON FOUR-STAND ROLLING MILL 1400

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 667-673
Author(s):  
A. I. Bozhkov ◽  
D. A. Kovalev ◽  
V. S. Potapov ◽  
R. I. Shul’gin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Rolling Mill ◽  
Surface Defects ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Rolling Process ◽  
Rolling Speed ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Sheet Rolling

The second part of the paper describes the method practical use on four-stand rolling mill 1400. When rolling the chosen typical sizes, the task was to determine the specific rolling mode, which will ensure a minimum of the total specific energy consumption at the maximum rolling speed, maximum process stabilization (minimum breaks, idle times, etc.) and obtaining the specified quality of the rolled strips (no surface defects, meeting the thickness and flatness requirements). It was achieved by including the above requirements in the constraint system with respect to the determined rolling modes for the selected strip sizes. For example, ensuring a given (maximum) performance for a specific size and brand of a strip is equivalent to realizing a gi673 ven (increased) rolling speed in the absence of unscheduled downtime occurring in emergency situations (in particular, in strip breaks). The speed limit depends on the power of engines, which is included in the complex of structural and technological limitations. The obtained examples, given in the article, have shown that the use of the method leads to fulfillment of all the specified requirements, which, in turn, ensures a reduction in production cost and an increase in the mill’s productivity. The calculation of the cold rolling modes was reduced to selection and distribution of the crimping along the stands (passages – in the reversible mill) and to a choice of specific strip tension in the interstand spaces, on decoiler and coiler, and in setting the wedge of speeds in a particular system of constraints imposed on the input and output process variables as a function of the adopted optimality criterion. The task was solved using the conditional optimization method, through the specification of the optimization criterion. As such criterion, the total energy consumption of the rolling process was used, as requirements – technological and design constraints on the rolling parameters and conditions for strip stability to breaks and to formation of rolls surface defects (“brews”, “chippings”, etc.), as well as to strip breaks.

An Experimental Approach to Assess the Disparities in the Usage Trends of Domestic Electric Lighting

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toufic Zaraket ◽  
Bernard Yannou ◽  
Yann Leroy ◽  
Stephanie Minel ◽  
Emilie Chapotot
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Models ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Technical Solutions

In a country like France, electricity consumption devoted to domestic lighting represents nearly a fifth of the total energy consumption of a building. The use of electric lighting is influenced by several factors such as the building’s structural characteristics, the activities of its occupants, the lighting equipments, and the level of natural light. Designers do take into account, in their energy models, the influence of occupants on the building’s overall energy consumption. However, these models still have some drawbacks regarding the comprehension of real “occupants’ energy behaviors” which play an important role in the discrepancies between predicted and real energy consumptions. The behavioral factors behind occupants’ usage trends of energy are still not thoroughly explored. Therefore, it is assumed that a better comprehension of these behaviors and consumption mechanisms could lead to the identification of technical solutions and energy saving potentials, thus resulting in a more robust building design. The present paper aims to provide an insight into domestic lighting usages. The main objective is to explore the key factors (socio-demographic, economic, technical and behavioral) responsible for the disparities in lighting consumption between one household and another. For this purpose, an experiment is performed concurrently to the proposal of a lighting usage model. A micro level investigation protocol is elaborated and used to conduct in-depth studies on the usage patterns of electric lighting. The survey is conducted on a sample of 8 French households. The methodology for constructing the experimental protocol, its deployment, as well as the results obtained and their analysis are presented in this paper. The need for further qualitative and quantitative studies to better understand the usage trends of electric lighting is discussed.

scholarly journals Energy consumption of agitators in activated sludge tanks – actual state and optimization potential

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 800-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Füreder ◽  
K. Svardal ◽  
W. Frey ◽  
H. Kroiss ◽  
J. Krampe
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Continuous Mixing

Abstract Depending on design capacity, agitators consume about 5 to 20% of the total energy consumption of a wastewater treatment plant. Based on inhabitant-specific energy consumption (kWh PE120−1 a−1; PE120 is population equivalent, assuming 120 g chemical oxygen demand per PE per day), power density (W m−3) and volume-specific energy consumption (Wh m−3 d−1) as evaluation indicators, this paper provides a sound contribution to understanding energy consumption and energy optimization potentials of agitators. Basically, there are two ways to optimize agitator operation: the reduction of the power density and the reduction of the daily operating time. Energy saving options range from continuous mixing with low power densities of 1 W m−3 to mixing by means of short, intense energy pulses (impulse aeration, impulse stirring). However, the following correlation applies: the shorter the duration of energy input, the higher the power density on the respective volume-specific energy consumption isoline. Under favourable conditions with respect to tank volume, tank geometry, aeration and agitator position, mixing energy can be reduced to 24 Wh m−3 d−1 and below. Additionally, it could be verified that power density of agitators stands in inverse relation to tank volume.

Drying Characteristics of Elephant Foot Yam and Performance Evaluation of Convective Dryer in Kinetically and Equilibrium Controlled Regime Under Varying Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Punit Singh ◽  
Prabal Talukdar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Moisture Diffusivity ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Drying Characteristics ◽  
Rate Period ◽  
Elephant Foot Yam ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Drying characteristics of elephant foot yam (EFY) are determined at three different air velocities and temperatures using an innovative convective dryer. The performance of the convective dryer is also determined and compared based on four parameters namely total energy consumption, specific energy consumption (SEC), drying and thermal efficiency, working in kinetically controlled regime (KCR), and equilibrium controlled regime (ECR). EFY has excellent medicinal properties and used for the treatment of various diseases; in spite of that, its drying characteristics have not been reported. The entire drying process of the EFY sample can be divided into three stages, and it is observed that around 80% of the moisture is removed in the first stage and only 5% of the moisture is removed in the last stage. The constant drying rate period is absent, and depending on the different slopes, the entire drying rate period comes under three falling rate periods. A correlation of EFY with air velocity and temperature is developed, and the maximum and minimum values of effective moisture diffusivity (EMD) are found to be 2.65 × 10−10 and 7.15 × 10−10 m2/s, respectively.

Establishing Smartphone User Behavior Model Based on Energy Consumption Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Ming Ding ◽  
Tianyu Wang ◽  
Xudong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Feature Vector ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Usage Pattern ◽  
User Behaviors ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Usage Patterns

In smartphone data analysis, both energy consumption modeling and user behavior mining have been explored extensively, but the relationship between energy consumption and user behavior has been rarely studied. Such a relationship is explored over large-scale users in this article. Based on energy consumption data, where each users’ feature vector is represented by energy breakdown on hardware components of different apps, User Behavior Models (UBM) are established to capture user behavior patterns (i.e., app preference, usage time). The challenge lies in the high diversity of user behaviors (i.e., massive apps and usage ways), which leads to high dimension and dispersion of data. To overcome the challenge, three mechanisms are designed. First, to reduce the dimension, apps are ranked with the top ones identified as typical apps to represent all. Second, the dispersion is reduced by scaling each users’ feature vector with typical apps to unit ℓ 1 norm. The scaled vector becomes Usage Pattern, while the ℓ 1 norm of vector before scaling is treated as Usage Intensity. Third, the usage pattern is analyzed with a two-layer clustering approach to further reduce data dispersion. In the upper layer, each typical app is studied across its users with respect to hardware components to identify Typical Hardware Usage Patterns (THUP). In the lower layer, users are studied with respect to these THUPs to identify Typical App Usage Patterns (TAUP). The analytical results of these two layers are consolidated into Usage Pattern Models (UPM), and UBMs are finally established by a union of UPMs and Usage Intensity Distributions (UID). By carrying out experiments on energy consumption data from 18,308 distinct users over 10 days, 33 UBMs are extracted from training data. With the test data, it is proven that these UBMs cover 94% user behaviors and achieve up to 20% improvement in accuracy of energy representation, as compared with the baseline method, PCA. Besides, potential applications and implications of these UBMs are illustrated for smartphone manufacturers, app developers, network providers, and so on.

Specific energy consumption of membrane bioreactor (MBR) for sewage treatment

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Krzeminski ◽  
Jaap H. J. M. van der Graaf ◽  
Jules B. van Lier
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Hollow Fibre ◽  
Reactor Performance ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Membrane Area

This paper provides an overview of current electric energy consumption of full-scale municipal MBR installations based on literature review and case studies. Energy requirements of several MBRs were linked to operational parameters and reactor performance. Total and specific energy consumption data were analysed on a long-term basis with special attention given to treated flow, design capacity, membrane area and effluent quality. The specific energy consumption of an MBR system is dependent on many factors, such as system design and layout, volume of treated flow, membrane utilization and operational strategy. Operation at optimal flow conditions results in a low specific energy consumption and energy efficient process. Energy consumption of membrane related modules was in the range of 0.5–0.7 kWh/m3 and specific energy consumption for membrane aeration in flat sheet (FS) was 33–37% higher than in a hollow fibre (HF) system. Aeration is a major energy consumer, often exceeding 50% share of total energy consumption. In consequence, coarse bubble aeration applied for continuous membrane cleaning remains the main target for energy saving actions. Also, a certain potential for energy optimization without immediate danger of affecting the quality of the produced effluent was observed.

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