scholarly journals Barriers and Recommendations to Innovative Ownership Models for Wind Power

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Krog ◽  
Karl Sperling ◽  
Henrik Lund
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Energy Companies ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Choice Awareness

Local ownership models have proven to be an important way to avoid local resistance to onshore wind turbines. As wind power expands into onshore and nearshore wind farms, such ownership models become of increasing importance, while also undergoing further development. This paper uses the Choice Awareness theory to examine some of the barriers connected to the implementation of these new ownership models and presents recommendations to overcome such barriers. Choice Awareness addresses societal aspects (discourse, socioeconomics, and public regulation) mainly related to implementing alternatives to existing technologies. For the theory to be able to embrace the complexity of the transition of the energy system more holistically, we explore and specify the organizational dimension of choice-eliminating mechanisms. Based on the case of an NGO’s attempt to bid for a tender for nearshore wind turbines, it is shown how the central administration prevents new innovative ownership models from entering the tender. A strong path dependency has led to a conscious or unconscious elimination of projects based on organizational structures that do not fit the definition of large energy companies. As a result of this, the paper makes three recommendations for policy changes with the aim to secure equal possibilities for actors involved in nearshore wind power tenders.

scholarly journals Performance Enhancement of Proposed Namaacha Wind Farm by Minimising Losses Due to the Wake Effect: A Mozambican Case Study

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4291
Author(s):  
Paxis Marques João Roque ◽  
Shyama Pada Chowdhury ◽  
Zhongjie Huan
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Wake Effect ◽  
Wind Generators ◽  
Wind Potential

District of Namaacha in Maputo Province of Mozambique presents a high wind potential, with an average wind speed of around 7.5 m/s and huge open fields that are favourable to the installation of wind farms. However, in order to make better use of the wind potential, it is necessary to evaluate the operating conditions of the turbines and guide the independent power producers (IPPs) on how to efficiently use wind power. The investigation of the wind farm operating conditions is justified by the fact that the implementation of wind power systems is quite expensive, and therefore, it is imperative to find alternatives to reduce power losses and improve energy production. Taking into account the power needs in Mozambique, this project applied hybrid optimisation of multiple energy resources (HOMER) to size the capacity of the wind farm and the number of turbines that guarantee an adequate supply of power. Moreover, considering the topographic conditions of the site and the operational parameters of the turbines, the system advisor model (SAM) was applied to evaluate the performance of the Vestas V82-1.65 horizontal axis turbines and the system’s power output as a result of the wake effect. For any wind farm, it is evident that wind turbines’ wake effects significantly reduce the performance of wind farms. The paper seeks to design and examine the proper layout for practical placements of wind generators. Firstly, a survey on the Namaacha’s electricity demand was carried out in order to obtain the district’s daily load profile required to size the wind farm’s capacity. Secondly, with the previous knowledge that the operation of wind farms is affected by wake losses, different wake effect models applied by SAM were examined and the Eddy–Viscosity model was selected to perform the analysis. Three distinct layouts result from SAM optimisation, and the best one is recommended for wind turbines installation for maximising wind to energy generation. Although it is understood that the wake effect occurs on any wind farm, it is observed that wake losses can be minimised through the proper design of the wind generators’ placement layout. Therefore, any wind farm project should, from its layout, examine the optimal wind farm arrangement, which will depend on the wind speed, wind direction, turbine hub height, and other topographical characteristics of the area. In that context, considering the topographic and climate features of Mozambique, the study brings novelty in the way wind farms should be placed in the district and wake losses minimised. The study is based on a real assumption that the project can be implemented in the district, and thus, considering the wind farm’s capacity, the district’s energy needs could be met. The optimal transversal and longitudinal distances between turbines recommended are 8Do and 10Do, respectively, arranged according to layout 1, with wake losses of about 1.7%, land utilisation of about 6.46 Km2, and power output estimated at 71.844 GWh per year.

scholarly journals Managing Wind Power Generation via Indexed Semi-Markov Model and Copula

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guglielmo D’Amico ◽  
Giovanni Masala ◽  
Filippo Petroni ◽  
Robert Adam Sobolewski
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Output Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Spatial Dependencies

Because of the stochastic nature of wind turbines, the output power management of wind power generation (WPG) is a fundamental challenge for the integration of wind energy systems into either power systems or microgrids (i.e., isolated systems consisting of local wind energy systems only) in operation and planning studies. In general, a wind energy system can refer to both one wind farm consisting of a number of wind turbines and a given number of wind farms sited at the area in question. In power systems (microgrid) planning, a WPG should be quantified for the determination of the expected power flows and the analysis of the adequacy of power generation. Concerning this operation, the WPG should be incorporated into an optimal operation decision process, as well as unit commitment and economic dispatch studies. In both cases, the probabilistic investigation of WPG leads to a multivariate uncertainty analysis problem involving correlated random variables (the output power of either wind turbines that constitute wind farm or wind farms sited at the area in question) that follow different distributions. This paper advances a multivariate model of WPG for a wind farm that relies on indexed semi-Markov chains (ISMC) to represent the output power of each wind energy system in question and a copula function to reproduce the spatial dependencies of the energy systems’ output power. The ISMC model can reproduce long-term memory effects in the temporal dependence of turbine power and thus understand, as distinct cases, the plethora of Markovian models. Using copula theory, we incorporate non-linear spatial dependencies into the model that go beyond linear correlations. Some copula functions that are frequently used in applications are taken into consideration in the paper; i.e., Gumbel copula, Gaussian copula, and the t-Student copula with different degrees of freedom. As a case study, we analyze a real dataset of the output powers of six wind turbines that constitute a wind farm situated in Poland. This dataset is compared with the synthetic data generated by the model thorough the calculation of three adequacy indices commonly used at the first hierarchical level of power system reliability studies; i.e., loss of load probability (LOLP), loss of load hours (LOLH) and loss of load expectation (LOLE). The results will be compared with those obtained using other models that are well known in the econometric field; i.e., vector autoregressive models (VAR).

scholarly journals Optimal Wind Turbines Micrositing in Onshore Wind Farms Using Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Yang ◽  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Qiuye Sun ◽  
Huaguang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Wind Power Plants ◽  
Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Terrain Effect ◽  
Fuzzy Genetic

With the fast growth in the number and size of installed wind farms (WFs) around the world, optimal wind turbines (WTs) micrositing has become a challenge from both technological and mathematical points of view. An appropriate layout of wind turbines is crucial to obtain adequate performance with respect to the development and operation of the wind power plant during its life span. This work presents a fuzzy genetic algorithm (FGA) for maximizing the economic profitability of the project. The algorithm considers a new WF model including several important factors to the design of the layout. The model consists of wake loss, terrain effect, and economic benefits, which can be calculated by locations of wind turbines. The results demonstrate that the algorithm performs better than genetic algorithm, in terms of maximum values of net annual value of wind power plants and computational burden.

Simulation and Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Used in Wind Turbines by Using Genetic Algorithm

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Faraz Chamani ◽  
Mohammad Satkin
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Induction Generator ◽  
Doubly Fed Induction Generator ◽  
Transient Faults ◽  
Active And Reactive Power ◽  
Doubly Fed

Wind energy is one of the extraordinary sources of renewable energy due to its clean character and free availability. With increase in wind power penetration, the wind farms are directly influencing the power systems. The majority of wind farms are using variable speed wind turbines equipped with doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) due to their advantages over other wind turbine generators (WTGs). Therefore, the analysis of wind power dynamics with the DFIG wind turbines has become a very important research issue, especially during transient faults. In this article, a controller is provided to control the active and reactive power of a wind system equipped with doubly fed induction generator. The generator is connected to the grid by a back to back converter that gets benefit from control system known as single periodic controller. Grid and generator side converters respectively control the generator speed and reactive power using proposed controller. In order to increase the accuracy of controller, we optimized its PI parameters using genetic optimization algorithm. Finally, simulation results conducted by the MATLAB software are shown. The results of simulation gained through this system, show the capability of proposed controller under error conditions for controlling active and reactive power and also elimination of harmonics caused by non-linear load.

A Coherency-Based Equivalent Model of a Large Scale Wind Farm

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 2342-2346
Author(s):  
Rong Fu ◽  
Bao Yun Wang ◽  
Wan Peng Sun
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Equivalent Model ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Doubly Fed

With increasing installation capacity and wind farms penetration, wind power plays more important role in power systems, and the modeling of wind farms has become an interesting research topic. In this paper, a coherency-based equivalent model has been discussed for the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). Firstly, the dynamic models of wind turbines, DFIG and the mechanisms are briefly introduced. Some existing dynamic equivalent methods such as equivalent wind model, variable speed wind turbine model, parameter identification method and modal equivalent method to be used in wind farm aggregation are discussed. Then, considering wind power fluctuations, a new equivalent model of a wind farm equipped with doubly-fed induction generators is proposed to represent the interactions of the wind farm and grid. The method proposed is based on aggregating the coherent group wind turbines into an equivalent one. Finally, the effectiveness of the equivalent model is demonstrated by comparison with the wind farm response obtained from the detailed model. The dynamic simulations show that the present model can greatly reduce the computation time and model complexity.

scholarly journals Two methods for estimating limits to large-scale wind power generation

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (36) ◽  
pp. 11169-11174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee M. Miller ◽  
Nathaniel A. Brunsell ◽  
David B. Mechem ◽  
Fabian Gans ◽  
Andrew J. Monaghan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Power Generation ◽  
Flux Method ◽  
Free Atmosphere

Wind turbines remove kinetic energy from the atmospheric flow, which reduces wind speeds and limits generation rates of large wind farms. These interactions can be approximated using a vertical kinetic energy (VKE) flux method, which predicts that the maximum power generation potential is 26% of the instantaneous downward transport of kinetic energy using the preturbine climatology. We compare the energy flux method to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional atmospheric model equipped with a wind turbine parameterization over a 105 km2 region in the central United States. The WRF simulations yield a maximum generation of 1.1 We⋅m−2, whereas the VKE method predicts the time series while underestimating the maximum generation rate by about 50%. Because VKE derives the generation limit from the preturbine climatology, potential changes in the vertical kinetic energy flux from the free atmosphere are not considered. Such changes are important at night when WRF estimates are about twice the VKE value because wind turbines interact with the decoupled nocturnal low-level jet in this region. Daytime estimates agree better to 20% because the wind turbines induce comparatively small changes to the downward kinetic energy flux. This combination of downward transport limits and wind speed reductions explains why large-scale wind power generation in windy regions is limited to about 1 We⋅m−2, with VKE capturing this combination in a comparatively simple way.

scholarly journals DFIG use with combined strategy in case of failure of wind farm

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 2221
Author(s):  
Azeddine Loulijat ◽  
Najib Ababssi ◽  
Mohammed Makhad
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Voltage Drop ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Electrical Networks ◽  
Constant Frequency

In the wind power area, Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) has many advantages due to its ability to provide power to voltage and constant frequency during rotor speed changes, which provides better wind capture as compared to fixed speed wind turbines (WTs). The high sensitivity of the DFIG towards electrical faults brings up many challenges in terms of compliance with requirements imposed by the operators of electrical networks. Indeed, in case of a fault in the network, wind power stations are switched off automatically to avoid damage in wind turbines, but now the network connection requirements impose stricter regulations on wind farms in particular in terms of Low Voltage Ride through (LVRT), and network support capabilities. In order to comply with these codes, it is crucial for wind turbines to redesign advanced control, for which wind turbines must, when detecting an abnormal voltage, stay connected to provide reactive power ensuring a safe and reliable operation of the network during and after the fault. The objective of this work is to offer solutions that enable wind turbines remain connected generators, after such a significant voltage drop. We managed to make an improvement of classical control, whose effectiveness has been verified for low voltage dips. For voltage descents, we proposed protection devices as the Stator Damping Resistance (SDR) and the CROWBAR. Finally, we developed a strategy of combining the solutions, and depending on the depth of the sag, the choice of the optimal solution is performed.

scholarly journals Features of operation of wind power stations as an supplementary source of electricity for non-traction consumers of railway electric mains

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Kachan Yu ◽  
Kuznetsov V
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Supply Systems

Purpose. Identify the features of operation of wind farms as an auxiliary supplier of electricity for non-traction consumers of railway networks and analyze the main factors that directly affect the use of wind farms due to the random nature of wind flow and additional factors due to the above conditions in different climates. The research methodology is based on modern methods of computational mathematics, statistics and information analysis using modern computer technology. Findings. The need to use renewable energy sources in the power supply systems of non-traction consumers of railway transport is obvious. Given the constant growth of prices and tariffs for electricity in Ukraine, more and more attention is paid to its savings and the search for the cheapest and most affordable alternative sources. The authors consider issues related to the possibility of using additional generation of electricity in the power supply systems of railway transport through the use of wind turbines, including for non-traction consumers. The analysis of wind flow features in some regions of Ukraine was carried out, and the measurement of wind speed in Zaporizhia and Dnipropetrovsk regions was obtained with the help of a compact wind speed sensor manufactured by Micro-Step-MIS LLC (Russia). The obtained values of wind speed were recorded and stored digitally. The received information of the above device was processed. The authors conclude that in the case of using wind turbines as an additional power source in the networks of non-traction consumers of railway power supply systems it is economically advantageous to connect them directly to these networks and fully use all electricity produced by them, reducing its consumption from this power supply system. The originality is that the use of renewable energy sources in the power supply systems of non-traction consumers of railway transport, in particular wind turbines, is proposed. Practical implications. Introduction of wind power plants as an auxiliary supplier of electricity for non-traction consumers of railway power grids in order to minimize electricity costs. Keywords: renewable energy sources, quality of electric energy, wind power plant, power supply networks of railway transport, non-traction consumers of railway electric networks, electricity production, wind speed.

scholarly journals Wind Power Integration Peculiarities in the Electricity System of the Baltic States

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Giedrius Gecevičius ◽  
Mantas Marčiukaitis
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Wind Power Integration ◽  
Electricity System ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Power Installations

Analysis of wind power utilization efficiency around the world and Europe has revealed the gap between feasible and factual power generation. The paper presents an investigation of wind power generation dynamics, penetration levels into the electricity system, and dependence of capacity factors on the hub height and the rotor diameter of wind turbines in the Baltic States. These factors are the main for the evaluation of wind power utilization efficiency. Wind power penetration levels show that possibilities of the energy system to accept more wind power installations in the Baltic States are far away from its limit. Besides, dependence of high wind turbines capacity factors’ on the hub height and the rotor diameter in the range of 20–120 m was revealed.

scholarly journals Investigation and prediction of noise pollution levels from wind turbines: A case study of Nexif Energy Ben Tre wind power plant, South Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Nguyen Quoc ◽  
Cuong Tran Thien ◽  
Cu Nguyen Xuan ◽  
Tuan Vu Dinh ◽  
Minh Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Power Plant ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Project Site ◽  
Ifc Standard

In recent years, the demand for electric power in Vietnam has increased at annual growth rates of 10% to 12%, and the challenge is to promote renewable energy sector. One of these sustainable energy sources is to harness energy from the wind through wind turbines (WTs). In fact, more wind power plants in Vietnam are continuously to be built due to the rapidly growing demand of country's industrialization and modernization process. However, a significant hindrance preventing the widespread use of WTs in Vietnam is the noise they produce, which significantly contributes to the annoyance experienced by residents living near wind farms. The prediction of noise impacts for new wind farms is one of the many aspects of the environmental impact assessment process in Vietnam as well as in the world. In addition, the determination of the 45 dBA noise contour-line is very important because it is the basis for determining the scope of the project impact according to the IFC/WB performance standards and the number of households to be relocated from the project site. The article’s main focus is therefore on the estimation and simulation of the acoustical noise produced by 18 WTs during the operation phase of Nexif Energy Ben Tre wind power plant and the background noise levels at the project site have been performed by using a combination of specific study methods such as environmental modeling (iNoise Pro modeling software), mapping and geographic information systems. The obtained results show the importance of using modeling method in quantifying the noise levels generated from 18 wind turbines of the Nexif Energy Ben Tre wind power plant met IFC standard and Vietnamese regulation on noise during day-time, but did not meet IFC standard on noise during night-time. The level of background noise measured during night-time in the project area also did not meet IFC standard. Therefore, the overall cumulative noise level exceeds the IFC standard for residential area (45 dBA only). In addition, the appropriate solutions to reduce noise levels from WTs are also proposed.

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