scholarly journals Studying the Effectiveness of Polyacrylamide (PAM) Application in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs at Different Operational Conditions

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingsley Godwin Uranta ◽  
Sina Rezaei-Gomari ◽  
Paul Russell ◽  
Faik Hamad
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Solution Viscosity ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Degree Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Hydrocarbon Reservoir

The water-soluble polymer PAM (polyacrylamide) is used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations. It is pumped into water injection wells to increase the viscosity of the injected water and in turn to direct more oil towards production wells. This EOR process is proven to be sensitive to operational well conditions such as hydrocarbon reservoir temperature, as well as the salinity of the injected water and/or formation water. These operational conditions lead to technical challenges ranging from the solubility of PAM in injection water to the behaviour of PAM inside the reservoir. To gain a clear picture of the functionality of PAM in EOR applications, this report characterizes its behaviour of in terms of degree of hydrolysis and changes in solution viscosity determined using Perkin Elmer spectrum 100 Fourier transform infrared-Attenuated total reflection (FTIR)-ATR and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and a Fann model 35 Couette and Cole Parmer rotational viscometer, respectively. Different shear rates were investigated to determine the effect of shear on PAM gel stability. Experiments were performed for PAM mixed with formation brine at 50, 70, and 90 °C for ageing times of up to 30 days. The results indicate that the degree of hydrolysis achieved after 30 days is much higher in saline solutions than in pure water, and that this effect is more pronounced at higher temperatures. For example, after 30 days at 50 °C, the hydrolysis level was observed to be 53%, rising to 65% at 70 °C and 75% at 90 °C in PAM mixed with brines. Similar trends were observed with viscosity, where lower viscosity was observed for samples at higher temperatures and salinities. It is thus reasonable to conclude that the degree of hydrolysis causes changes in the viscosity of the polymer gel, leading to a decline in its performance as it ages.

Flow of Hydrophobically Modified Water-Soluble-Polymer Solutions in Porous Media: New Experimental Insights in the Diluted Regime

SPE Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Dupuis ◽  
David Rousseau ◽  
René Tabary ◽  
Bruno Grassl
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Adsorbed Layer ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer ◽  
Improved Oil Recovery ◽  
Water Soluble Polymers ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Soluble Polymers ◽  
Hydrophobically Modified

Summary The specific molecular structure of hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymers (HMWSPs), also called hydrophobically associative polymers, gives them interesting thickening and surface-adsorption abilities compared with classical water-soluble polymers (WSPs), which could be useful in polymer-flooding and well-treatment operations. However, their strong adsorption obviously can impair their injectivity, and, conversely, the shear sensitivity of their gels can be detrimental to well treatments. Determining for which improved-oil-recovery (IOR) application HMWSPs are best suited, therefore, remains difficult. The aim of this work is to bring new insight regarding the interaction mechanisms between HMWSPs and rock matrix and the consequences concerning their propagation in reservoirs. A consistent set of HMWSPs with sulfonated polyacrylamide backbones and alkyl hydrophobic side chains together with an equivalent WSP was synthesized and fully characterized. HMWSP and WSP solutions were then injected in model granular packs. As expected, with HMWSPs, high resistance factors (or mobility reductions, Rm) were observed. Yet, within the limit of the injected volumes, the effluent showed the same viscosity and polymer concentration as the injected solutions. A first significant outcome concerns the specificities of the Rm curves during HMWSP injections. Rm increases took place in two steps. The first corresponded to the propagation of the viscous front, as observed with WSP, whereas the second was markedly delayed, occurring several pore volumes (PV) after the breakthrough. This result is not compatible with the classical picture of multilayer adsorption of HMWSPs but suggests that injectivity is controlled solely by the adsorption of minor polymeric species. This hypothesis was confirmed by reinjecting the collected effluents into fresh cores; no second-step Rm increases were observed. Brine injections in HMWSP-treated cores revealed high residual resistance factors (or irreversible permeability reductions, Rk), which can be attributed to the presence of thick polymer-adsorbed layers on the pore surface. Nevertheless, Rk values strongly decreased when increasing the brine-flow rate. This second significant outcome shows that the adsorbed-layer thickness is shear-controlled. These new results should lead to proposing new adapted filtration and injection procedures for HMWSPs, aimed, in particular, at improving their injectivity.

Improving the Viscosity of Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide (PHPAM) Solution for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 874 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Ihsan Arifin ◽  
Grandprix Thomryes Marth Kadja ◽  
Cynthia L. Radiman
Keyword(s):  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Water Soluble Polymers ◽  
Hydrolysis Method ◽  
Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a promising technology for increasing crude oil production, especially from old wells. Polymer flooding is one of the techniques used in EOR in which the water-soluble polymer is added to increase the viscosity of the injected fluid. However, this technique has not been implemented in Indonesia due to the unavailability of locally-synthesized polymers. Therefore, this research aims to synthesize polyacrylamides and their partially-hydrolyzed derivatives and to study the possibility of their utilization for the EOR application. Various polymerization conditions using potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiators have been realized and the resulting polymers were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and rheology measurement. It was found that higher monomer concentration resulted in higher viscosity-average molecular weight of polyacrylamide. Further study revealed that the hydrolysis of polyacrylamide by alkaline solution significantly increased the viscosity of 1000 ppm solution from 1.5 to 145.40 cP at room temperature, which is comparable to one of the commercial products. These results showed that the simple synthesis and hydrolysis method could be effectively used to produce water-soluble polymers for the EOR application.

scholarly journals Unravelling the Miscibility of Poly(2-oxazoline)s: A Novel Polymer Class for the Formulation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (16) ◽  
pp. 3587
Author(s):  
Melissa Everaerts ◽  
Ali Tigrine ◽  
Victor R. de la Rosa ◽  
Richard Hoogenboom ◽  
Peter Adriaensens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Solid Dispersions ◽  
Amorphous Solid ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Amorphous Solid Dispersions ◽  
Soluble Polymer ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer

Water-soluble polymers are still the most popular carrier for the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). The advantage of this type of carrier is the fast drug release upon dissolution of the water-soluble polymer and thus the initial high degree of supersaturation of the poorly soluble drug. Nevertheless, the risk for precipitation due to fast drug release is a phenomenon that is frequently observed. In this work, we present an alternative carrier system for ASDs where a water-soluble and water-insoluble carrier are combined to delay the drug release and thus prevent this onset of precipitation. Poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s were selected as a polymer platform since the solution properties of this polymer class depend on the length of the alkyl sidechain. Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) behaves as a water-soluble polymer at body temperature, while poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) (PPrOx) and poly(2-sec-butyl-2-oxazoline) (PsecBuOx) are insoluble at body temperature. Since little was known about the polymer’s miscibility behaviour and especially on how the presence of a poorly-water soluble drug impacted their miscibility, a preformulation study was performed. Formulations were investigated with X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. PEtOx/PPrOx appeared to form an immiscible blend based on DSC and this was even more pronounced after heating. The six drugs that were tested in this work did not show any preference for one of the two phases. PEtOx/PsecBuOx on the other hand appeared to be miscible forming a homogeneous blend between the two polymers and the drugs.

scholarly journals Incorporation of Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide With Zwitterionic Units and Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Units Toward Enhanced Tolerances to High Salinity and High Temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Lu ◽  
Jikuan Zhao ◽  
Shaoqi Li ◽  
Yuquan Chen ◽  
Chunfang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Normal Condition ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer ◽  
Temperature Resistance ◽  
Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽  
Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽  
Harsh Condition

Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) was widely implemented to improve the rheological properties of displacing fluids, but the high temperature and salinity of the reservoir brine limited their applications. Herein, copolymers including HPAM, zwitterion-modified HPAM (z-HPAM), PEG-modified HPAM (p-HPAM), and zwitterion/PEG-modified HPAM (zp-HPAM) were prepared by free radical polymerization in an aqueous solution. The viscosity of these copolymers under different temperature and salinity was measured in aqueous solution. It is found that the viscosity of the HPAM under the harsh condition (90oC, 20 × 104 mg/L salinity) is only 9.6% of that value under the normal condition (25oC, pure water), while the z-HPAM can significantly improve salt resistance by the effects of salting-in effect and intermolecular electrostatic crosslinking, showing a viscosity retention of 22.9% under the harsh condition. The addition of PEG-containing monomer can strengthen hydrogen bonding between the polymer chains and form a sterically ordered structure with improved salinity and temperature resistance. The synergistic effect of zwitterion units and PEG units endows the zp-HPAM with good salinity and temperature resistance; thus, the sample viscosity under the harsh condition remains 170 mPa s, which retains 29% of the value under the normal condition. The enhanced rheology properties of the zp-HPAM under the harsh condition are significant for the enhanced oil recovery of water-soluble polymer flooding.

scholarly journals New insights into guar gum as environmentally friendly polymer for enhanced oil recovery in high-salinity and high-temperature sandstone reservoirs

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1905-1913
Author(s):  
Tagwa A. Musa ◽  
Ahmed F. Ibrahim ◽  
Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din ◽  
Anas. M. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Natural Polymer ◽  
Soluble Polymer ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer

AbstractChemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes are usually used as additives for hydrocarbon production due to its simplicity and relatively reasonable additional production costs. Polymer flooding uses polymer solutions to increase oil recovery by decreasing the water/oil mobility ratio by increasing the viscosity of the displacing water. The commonly used synthetic water-soluble polymer in EOR application is partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM). However, synthetic polymers in general are not attractive because of high cost, environmental concerns, limitation in high temperature, and high-salinity environment. Guar gum is an environmentally friendly natural water-soluble polymer available in large quantities in many countries and widely used in various applications in the oil and gas industry especially in drilling fluids and hydraulic fracturing operations; however, very limited studies investigated on guar as a polymer for EOR and no any study investigated on its uses in high-temperature and high -salinity reservoirs. The objective of this study is to confirm the use of guar gum as a natural polymer for EOR applications in sandstone reservoirs and investigate its applicability for high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs. The study experimentally investigated rheological characteristics of a natural polymer obtained from guar gum with consideration of high temperature (up to 210 °F) and high salinity (up to 20% NaCl) and tested the guar solution as EOR polymer. The results of this study show that the guar solution can be used as an environmentally friendly polymer to enhance oil recovery. Based on the results, it can be concluded that guar gum shows shear-thinning behavior and strongly susceptible to microbial degradation but also shows a very good properties stability in high temperature and salinity, where in low shear rate case, about 100 cp viscosity can be achieved at 210 °F for polymer prepared in deionized water. Guar polymer shows good viscosity in the presence of 20% NaCl where the viscosity is acceptable for temperature less than 190 °F. Also, the flooding experiment shows that the recovery factor can be increased by 16%.

scholarly journals Modification of Collagen Derivatives with Water-Soluble Polymers for the Development of Cross-Linked Hydrogels for Controlled Release

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4067
Author(s):  
Ioanna Tzoumani ◽  
Georgia Ch. Lainioti ◽  
Alexios J. Aletras ◽  
Gabriel Zainescu ◽  
Simina Stefan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Normal Lung ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Collagen Hydrolysate ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer ◽  
The Cross

Novel cross-linked hydrogels were synthesized as potential materials for the development of smart biofertilizers. For this purpose, hydrogels were prepared using collagen hydrolysate recovered from tannery waste. The water-soluble polymer poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (P(SSNa-co-GMAx)) was among others used for the cross-linking reaction that combined hydrophilic nature with epoxide groups. The synthetic procedure was thoroughly investigated in order to ensure high percentage of epoxide groups in combination with water-soluble behavior. The copolymer did not show cytotoxicity against normal lung, skin fibroblasts, or nasal polyps fibroblasts. Through the present work, we also present the ability to control the properties of cross-linked hydrogels by altering copolymer’s composition and cross-linking parameters (curing temperature and time). Hydrogels were then studied in terms of water-uptake capacity for a period up to six days. The techniques Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), and Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) were applied for the characterization of the synthesized copolymers and the cross-linked hydrogels. Three samples of biofertilizers based on collagen hydrolysate functionalized with P(SSNa-co-GMAx) and starch and having nutrients encapsulated (N, P, K) were prepared and characterized by physical–chemical analysis and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis-Scanning Electron Microscope (EDAX-SEM) in terms of microstructure. Preliminary tests for application as fertilizers were performed including the release degree of oxidable organic compounds.

Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (Core)-Polyurethane (Shell) Nanofibers Produced by Coaxial Electrospinning

2016 ◽  
Vol 705 ◽  
pp. 68-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ga Young Park ◽  
So Young Lee ◽  
Woo Jin Kim ◽  
Jin Hyun Choi
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Polymer Mixture ◽  
Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Coaxial Electrospinning ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer ◽  
Small Pore

Nanoweb fabricated by electrospinning has a large specific area and a small pore size which can be controlled through a spinning process to enable a strong adsorption and selective permeability. It is required to produce nanofiber of different polymer mixture with a limited miscibility for improvement of physical, chemical, or biological properties. In this study, poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/polyurethane (PU) nanofibers were produced by coaxial electrospinning. PVA (core)/PU (shell) nanofibers were defect-free and had a uniform thickness. The pseudo core/shell structure of PVA/PU nanofibers was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The presence of PVA and PU in the nanofibers was identified by 13C solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Water contact angle was reduced by incorporation of PVA in a core of PU nanofiber. For variety of biomedical applications, bioactive substances such as antibiotics and proteins can be incorporated in a core of hydrophobic PU nanofiber by coaxial electrospinning of water-soluble polymer/bioactive substance mixture.

Tests on Crepe Soling. III. Water Absorption

1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-507
Author(s):  
T. H. Messenger ◽  
J. R. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Solution Viscosity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Dry Out

Abstract The main results obtained are summarized below: (1) The following observations made by previous workers are confirmed. The absorption by crepe immersed in pure water continues for a very long time, if not indefinitely; the initial rate of absorption and the amount absorbed after long immersion increase rapidly with rise of temperature. The influence of temperature is probably due largely to its effect on the mechanical properties of the rubber, the softening induced by heat facilitating the distension of the rubber. (2) Soling crepes vary enormously in rate of water absorption; this result is ascribable to a variety of causes, as there is direct evidence that water absorption is influenced by the number of plies and the ease of penetration of water between the plies, while the porosity (permeability) of the rubber and its content of water-soluble matter must also come into play; the rigidity of the rubber would be expected to have some influence, although this is not evident in the present experiments. (3) Water absorption does not differentiate sharply between estate and factory-prepared soling crepes, though there are indications that on the average factory crepes absorb water somewhat less rapidly. (4) Among the soling crepes examined, water absorption bears no obvious relationship to mechanical properties or solution viscosity. (5) Addition of solutes to the water in which rubber is immersed reduces the water absorption, and this occurs quantitatively in accordance with the osmotic theory of water absorption. These results indicate that water-absorption tests do not in general yield any information as to the mechanical or physical properties of crepe soling or its mode of manufacture, and are therefore of value only in relation to the water-absorbing properties of the material. Absorption at atmospheric temperatures is so slow that under normal conditions of use it probably does not affect more than a thin surface layer. This layer, however, is responsible for the grip of the soling on the pavement, and if absorption of water influences this gripping power, the control of water-absorbing capacity becomes important. The wide variation at present found between different crepes suggests that an investigation of the factors governing water absorption would enable this property to be closely controlled over a wide range. Penetration of water between the plies, which will occur especially when the soling is somewhat worn, may be more serious than absorption at the outer surface, since water cannot readily dry out from between the plies, and the absorption may therefore become cumulative and lead to weakening of the ply-adhesion.

New Water-Soluble Polymer for Enhanced Oil Recovery

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-415
Author(s):  
Shamel I. Al-bassam ◽  
Mustafa M. F. Al-jarrah
Keyword(s):  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Polymer ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer
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