scholarly journals Hydrothermal Carbonization of Fruit Wastes: A Promising Technique for Generating Hydrochar

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bide Zhang ◽  
Mohammad Heidari ◽  
Bharat Regmi ◽  
Shakirudeen Salaudeen ◽  
Precious Arku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Wet Biomass ◽  
Fruit Wastes ◽  
Value Added Products

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a useful method to convert wet biomass to value-added products. Fruit waste generated in juice industries is a huge source of moist feedstock for such conversion to produce hydrochar. This paper deals with four types of fruit wastes as feedstocks for HTC; namely, rotten apple (RA), apple chip pomace (ACP), apple juice pomace (AJP), and grape pomace (GP). The operating conditions for HTC processing were 190 °C, 225 °C, and 260 °C for 15 min. For all samples, higher heating value and fixed carbon increased, while volatile matter and oxygen content decreased after HTC. Except for ACP, the ash content of all samples increased after 225 °C. For RA, AJP, and GP, the possible explanation for increased ash content above 225 °C is that the hydrochar increases in porosity after 230 °C. It was observed that an increase in HTC temperature resulted in an increase in the mass yield for RA and GP, which is in contrast with increasing HTC temperature for lignocellulose biomass. Other characterization tests like thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also showed that the HTC process can be successfully used to convert fruit wastes into valuable products.

scholarly journals Potential assessment of eucalyptus grown for biorefinery processes

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Paulo Eichler ◽  
Marcilio Toledo ◽  
Matheus Vilares ◽  
Fernando Gomes ◽  
Rogério Lourega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Efficient Utilization ◽  
High Chemical ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Chemical Complexity ◽  
Thermochemical Processes ◽  
Value Added Products

With the predictability of oil shortage, there is a strong demand for renewable and sustainable raw materials. In this scenario, lignocellulosic material stands out as a potential solution. With the use of bio-refinery, they can be processed into high value added products through chemical, biochemical and thermochemical processes. A great source of lignocellulosic biomass today is the wood of Eucalyptus, which has high levels of production and productivity in Brazil, reaching numbers between 60-80 m3ha1year-1. In order to achieve a more efficient utilization of biomass in a biorefinery concept, it is necessary first to perform chemical analyses to define the operating conditions of the conversion processes, since heterogeneity and high chemical complexity is an inherent property of the biomass. In this context, this study aimed to chemically characterize and investigate the potential of three species of Eucalyptus (E. urophylla, E. saligna and E. dunnii) grown in Rio Grande do Sul state for biorefinery purposes. Results of higher heating value for E. urophylla, E. saligna and E.dunnii were similar (19.10, 19.10 and 19.15 MJ/kg respectively). However, cellulose content results for E. saligna (47.5%±2.40) were highlighted, being slightly higher thanthose for E. urophylla (42.75%±1.34) and E. dunnii (43.10%±1.13). Hemicelluloses content for E. urophylla (23.25%±0.78) was slightly superior to the others (20.35%±2.05 for E. saligna and 18.80%±2.40 for E. dunnii). Finally, it was concluded that the analysed species of Eucalyptus have high potential for biorefinery in thermochemical processes. The species E. urophylla has the greatest potential for biorefinery processes using hemicelluloses, and the species E. saligna has greater potential for biorefinery processes utilizing cellulose.

Evaluation of the higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content of ground bamboo using near infrared spectroscopy

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 301-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jetsada Posom ◽  
Panmanas Sirisomboon
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
Heating Value

This research aimed to determine the higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content of ground bamboo using Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy as an alternative to bomb calorimetry and thermogravimetry. Bamboo culms used in this study had circumferences ranging from 16 to 40 cm. Model development was performed using partial least squares regression. The higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content were predicted with coefficients of determination (r2) of 0.92, 0.82, 0.85 and 0.51; root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 122 J g−1, 1.15%, 1.00% and 0.77%; ratio of the standard deviation to standard error of validation (RPD) of 3.66, 2.55, 2.62 and 1.44; and bias of 14.4 J g−1, −0.43%, 0.03% and −0.11%, respectively. This report shows that near infrared spectroscopy is quite successful in predicting the higher heating value, and is usable with screening for the determination of fixed carbon and volatile matter. For ash content, the method is not recommended. The models should be able to predict the properties of bamboo samples which are suitable for achieving higher efficiency for the biomass conversion process.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Hydrothermal Carbonization of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Magnesium Chloride for Solid Fuel Production

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Carrasco ◽  
Javier Silva ◽  
Ernesto Pino-Cortés ◽  
Jaime Gómez ◽  
Fidel Vallejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Mass Yield

The effect of magnesium chloride as an additive of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of lignocellulosic biomass (Pinus radiata sawdust) was studied. The HTC tests were carried out at fixed conditions of temperature and residence time of 220 °C and 1 h, respectively, and varying the dose of magnesium chloride in the range 0.0–1.0 g MgCl2/g biomass. The carbonized product (hydrochar) was tested in order to determine its calorific value (HHV) while using PARR 6100 calorimeter, mass yield by gravimetry, elemental analysis using a LECO TruSpec elemental analyzer, volatile matter content, and ash content were obtained by standardized procedures using suitable ovens for it. The results show that using a dose of 0.75 g MgCl2/g biomass results in an impact on the mass yield that was almost equal to change operating conditions from 220 to 270 °C and from 0.5 to 1 h, without additive. Likewise, the calorific value increases by 33% for this additive dose, resulting in an energy yield of 68%, thus generating a solid fuel of prominent characteristics.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal Carbonization as a Strategy for Sewage Sludge Management: Influence of Process Withdrawal Point on Hydrochar Properties

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Merzari ◽  
Jillian Goldfarb ◽  
Gianni Andreottola ◽  
Tanja Mimmo ◽  
Maurizio Volpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Conventional Activated Sludge ◽  
Phosphorous Content ◽  
Sewage Sludge Management ◽  
Ph Decrease

Conventional activated sludge systems, still widely used to treat wastewater, produce large amounts of solid waste that is commonly landfilled or incinerated. This study addresses the potential use of Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) to valorize sewage sludge residues examining the properties of hydrochars depending on HTC process conditions and sewage sludge withdrawal point. With increasing HTC severity (process residence time and temperature), solid yield, total Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and solid pH decrease while ash content increases. Hydrochars produced from primary (thickened) and secondary (digested and dewatered) sludge show peculiar distinct properties. Hydrochars produced from thickened sludge show good fuel properties in terms of Higher Heating Value (HHV) and reduced ash content. However, relatively high volatile matter and O:C and H:C ratios result in thermal reactivity significantly higher than typical coals. Both series of carbonized secondary sludges show neutral pH, low COD, enhanced phosphorous content and low heavy metals concentration: as a whole, they show properties compatible with their use as soil amendments.

scholarly journals PENGARUH SUHU DAN KONSENTRASI PEREKAT TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET BIOARANG BERBAHAN BAKU TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN PROSES PIROLISIS

Konversi ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Yuli Ristianingsih ◽  
Ayuning Ulfa ◽  
Rachmi Syafitri K.S
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Rate Of Combustion

Abstrak-Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit merupakan limbah padat hasil produksi Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Setiap 1(satu) ton tandan buah segar dihasilkan 23% limbah padat. Limbah padat ini dapat di konversi menjadi bahan bakar pengganti minyak yaitu briket. Briket bioarang adalah bahan bakar padat yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bahan bakar yang berasal dari fosil seperti minyak dan gas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu pirolisis terhadap yield bioarang yang dihasilkan dan mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi perekat kanji (5% w/w, 10% w/w, 15% w/w) terhadap karakteristik briket hasil penelitian (kadar air, volatile matter, kadar abu, fixed carbon, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran). Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode pirolisis yaitu proses pembakaran bahan baku dalam reaktor pirolisis dengan menggunakan suhu yang tinggi dan tanpa atau dengan sedikit oksigen. Pirolisis dilakukan selama 2,5 jam dengan variasi suhu yaitu 350°C, 400°C, 450°C dan 500°C. Arang yang dihasilkan dicampur dengan perekat sesuai variasi dan dicetak menjadi briket. Briket kemudian dianalisa kadar air, kadar abu, kadar karbon, kadar zat terbang, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran. Briket dengan yield tertinggi terdapat pada suhu 350°C sebesar 51,53% dan yield terendah pada suhu 500°C sebesar 26,03%. Briket hasil penelitian ini telah memenuhi standar mutu briket sebagai bahan bakar dilihat dari nilai kalor. Komposisi optimal antara perekat kanji dan arang TKKS hasil pirolisis yaitu pada 5%:95% yang menghasilkan nilai kalor terbesar yaitu 6748,15kal/g.  Kata kunci : Briket Bioarang, Pirolisis, Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit                Abstract-Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches are solid waste from Crude Palm Oil (CPO industry). For 1 ton of fresh fruit bunches produced 23% of solid waste. This solid waste can be converted into alternative energy that called briquettes. Briquettes are solid fuel that can be used as an alternative fuel replacement for fossil fuels such as oil and gas. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on the yield generated briquettes and the effect of stach adhesive concentration (5, 10 and 15% wt) to briquettes characteristics (moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, calorific value and the rate of combustion). In this reseacrh, two kilograms of palm oil empty fruit bunches was burned using pyrolisis reactor at different temperatur (350, 400, 450 and 5000C) for 2.5 hour. Charcoal produced was mixed with an adhesive in accordance variations and molded into briquettes. Briquettes then analyzed the water content, ash content, carbon content, volatile matter content, heating value and rate of combustion. The maximum yield of briquettes which was obtained in this research is 51.53% at temperature 3500C and the lowest yield at temperature of 500 ° C by 26.03%. Briquettes results of this study have met the quality standards of fuel briquettes as seen from the heating value. Optimal adhesive composition between starch and charcoal TKKS is 5%: 95% that generates highest calorific value about 6748.15kal/ g. Keywords: Briquette Bioarang, Pyrolysis, oil palm empty bunches

scholarly journals Blending Influence on the Conversion Efficiency of the Cogasification Process of Corn Stover and Coal

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Ike Anukam ◽  
Sampson Ntshengedzeni Mamphweli ◽  
Polycarp Sbusiso Mabizela ◽  
Edson Leroy Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Corn Stover ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Simulation Process ◽  
Proximate And Ultimate Analyses

Characterizations of biomass and coal were undertaken in order to compare their properties and determine the combustion characteristics of both feedstocks. The study was also intended to establish whether the biomass (corn stover) used for this study is a suitable feedstock for blending with coal for the purpose of cogasification based on composition and properties. Proximate and ultimate analyses as well as energy value of both samples including their blends were undertaken and results showed that corn stover is a biomass material well suited for blending with coal for the purpose of cogasification, given its high volatile matter content which was measured and found to be 75.3% and its low ash content of 3.3% including its moderate calorific value of 16.1%. The results of the compositional analyses of both pure and blended samples of corn stover and coal were used to conduct computer simulation of the cogasification processes in order to establish the best blend that would result in optimum cogasification efficiency under standard gasifier operating conditions. The final result of the cogasification simulation process indicated that 90% corn stover/10% coal resulted in a maximum efficiency of about 58% because conversion was efficiently achieved at a temperature that is intermediate to that of coal and corn stover independently.

scholarly journals Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Treatment (HTT) Improves the Combustion Properties of Short-Rotation Coppice Willow Wood by Reducing Emission Precursors

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8229
Author(s):  
Sebastian Paczkowski ◽  
Victoria Knappe ◽  
Marta Paczkowska ◽  
Luis Alonzo Diaz Robles ◽  
Dirk Jaeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Short Rotation Coppice ◽  
Reduction Behavior ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Combustion Properties

The worldwide transformation from fossil fuels to sustainable energy sources will increase the demand for biomass. However, the ash content of many available biomass sources exceeds the limits of national standards. In this study, short-rotation coppice willow biomass was hydrothermally treated at 150, 170 and 185 °C. The higher heating value increased by 2.6% from x¯ = 19,279 J × g−1 to x¯ = 19,793 J × g−1 at 185 °C treatment temperature. The mean ash content was reduced by 53% from x¯ = 1.97% to x¯ = 0.93% at 170 °C treatment temperature, which was below the limit for category TW1b of the European pellet standard for thermally treated biomass. The nitrogen, sulfur and cadmium concentrations were reduced below the limits for category TW1b of the European biomass pellet standard (N: from 0.52% to 0.34%, limit at 0.5%; S: from 0.051% to 0.024%, limit at 0.04%; Cd: from 0.83 mg × kg−1 to 0.37 mg × kg−1, limit at 0.5 mg × kg−1). The highest reduction rates were sampled for phosphor (80–84%), potassium (78–90%), chlorine (96–98%) and lithium (96–98%). The reduction behavior of the elements is discussed according to the chemical processes at the onset of hydrothermal carbonization. The results of this study show that HTT has the potential to expand the availability of biomass for the increasing worldwide demand in the future.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZACIÓN DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOMASAS DE Kluyveromyces marxianus EN LACTOSUERO

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (suplemento) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Eluk
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
Kluyveromyces Marxianus ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Matrix Design ◽  
Source Concentration ◽  
Value Added Products

Whey is a by-product of cheese making and represents a danger of environmental contamination when discarded without prior treatment. However, due to its high content of lactose, vitamins and proteins, whey should not be considered a waste, but rather a raw material for obtaining value-added products. Among the alternatives for its use, biomass production stands out through fermentation with Kluyveromyces marxianus. Therefore, this work determines the best operating conditions for biomass production, minimizing residual lactose. To this end, a Doehlert Experimental Matrix Design was used to optimize the effects of aeration and nitrogen source concentration on the growth of K. marxianus by a minimum number of experiments. The results obtained allow maximizing the biomass production, the consumption of lactose and protein by K. marxianus, thus achieving a more effective treatment of whey prior to its discard.  

scholarly journals Fuel potential and properties of grape pomace hydrochar

2019 ◽  
pp. 204-209
Author(s):  
Jelena Petrovic ◽  
Marija Mihajlovic ◽  
Marija Petrovic ◽  
Marija Kojic ◽  
Marija Koprivica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Volatile Matter Content

Increasing fossil fuel depletion that leads to air pollution and global warming have become serious environmental problem. For this reason, a numerous of alternative biofuels have been developed and investigated as potential energy sources to substitute them. One of promising and highly effective technology for conversion of wet and waste biomass into multi-functional materials is a hydrothermal carbonization. In this study grape pomace was hydrothermally carbonized at different temperatures (180, 200 and 220?C). Produced hydrochars were characterized in order to investigate its potential application as an alternative and energy-efficient renewable fuels. The carbon, fixed carbon, sulphur and volatile matter contents were determined in all hydrochar samples. Obtained results showed that temperatures play significant role on the structural characteristics of produced materials. As expected, the carbon content and fixed carbon content in hydrochars were increased with temperature increasing. Higher yields of carbon and fixed carbon observed in hydrochars indicated that intensive carbonization of biomass occurred. On the contrary, sulphur and volatile matter content were decreased. Observed reduction may be a result of dehydration and decarboxylation of grape pomace during hydrothermal treatment. These reductions are highly beneficial and improve the efficiency of solids? direct combustion. Decreased volatile matter content can potentially reduce the release of inorganic vapours and pollutant emission during combustion, while decreased sulphur content preventing generation and emission of harmful sulphur oxides, SOx, compared to the parent biomass. The present study showed that hydrothermal carbonization mproved fuel qualities and potential of grape pomace hydrochars among different reaction temperatures.

scholarly journals The Market Potential of a Grape Pomace Microemulsion

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Daniel Lambert ◽  
Michel Rod ◽  
Christine Dobbin ◽  
Farah Hosseinian
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Grape Seed ◽  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
A Value ◽  
Grape Seed Oil ◽  
Value Added Products

Canada’s food waste reached $31 billion in 2014. 95% of this waste ended up in landfills across the country, being a severe burden both economically and environmentally. By implementing sustainable agriculture projects, alternative uses can be found for food waste that produce positive income for companies, and alleviate stresses on the environment. Grape pomace, a food waste produced through the process of wine-making, currently ends up in landfills after wine-production. However, this agricultural by-product holds great market potential for the production of chemical microemulsions. These microemulsion systems show great potential in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries. The market potential was calculated by determining the volume of grape seed oil that could be extracted from grape pomace. The current market value of microemulsion surfactants were then obtained and a value was calculated based on the oil yield. Grape pomace microemulsions had the highest market potential as pharmaceutical raw ingredients, followed respectively by food additive and cosmeceutical raw ingredients. The purpose of this paper is to measure the market potential for grape pomace microemulsions in each of these industries and to provoke further investigations into the production of value added products from agricultural waste.

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