scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Clusters for Object Tracking Networks

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang-Hsin Fan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Object Tracking ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Cluster Structure ◽  
Equivalent Model ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
Tracking Devices

Smart cities have hundreds of thousands of devices for tracking data on crime, the environment, and traffic (such as data collected at crossroads and on streets). This results in higher energy usage, as they are recording information persistently and simultaneously. Moreover, a single object tracking device, on a corner at an intersection for example has a limited scope of view, so more object tracking devices are added to broaden the view. As an increasing number of object tracking devices are constructed on streets, their efficient energy consumption becomes a significant issue. This work is concerned with decreasing the energy required to power these systems, and proposes energy-efficient clusters (EECs) of object tracking systems to achieve energy savings. First, we analyze a current object tracking system to establish an equivalent model. Second, we arrange the object tracking system in a cluster structure, which facilitates the evaluation of energy costs. Third, the energy consumption is assessed as either dynamic or static, which is a more accurate system for determining energy consumption. Fourth, we analyze all possible scenarios of the object’s location and the resulting energy consumption, and derive a number of formulas for the fast computation of energy consumption. Finally, the simulation results are reported. These results show the proposed EEC is an effective way to save energy, compared with the energy consumption benchmarks of current technology.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Lighting Design Criteria: Cost-Effective Solutions in an Industrial Environment

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Agraz ◽  
John Maneri
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Lighting System ◽  
Light Levels

The continual rising cost of energy, existing outdated lighting technology, and inefficient lighting designs have given property owners the opportunity to improve their facilities by retrofitting their existing luminaires with an energy efficient lighting system. A lighting retrofit uses the existing electrical infrastructure to replace, relocate, or convert existing luminaires with the latest generation of cost-effective components. New lighting technology has emerged within the last 6 years that generates energy savings of 40% to 50% while maintaining existing light levels. These upgraded and field-tested solutions lower energy consumption, generate a healthy financial return on investment, and can improve both the quality and quantity of light in the task area. As with any other solution, a cost-effective lighting system must be designed and engineered carefully to accommodate the needs of each work space. Simply installing a new lamp into an existing luminaire will not necessarily guarantee substantial energy savings or an improved lighting environment. In any space that uses electric lighting, the lighting designer must evaluate potential solutions for energy consumption, maintenance concerns, delivered light levels, hostile environments, and the overall economic impact of installing and long-term operation of the new system. In this paper, the author will discuss energy efficient lighting design criteria and how a lighting designer properly engineers a retrofit project to deliver energy savings without sacrificing light levels. The discussion includes a summary of both traditional and emerging technologies, and the long-term impact on energy consumption, maintenance, return on investment, lighting quality, and delivered light levels. Paper published with permission.

Energy Efficient Schemes for Base Station Management in 4G Broadband Systems

2014 ◽  
pp. 100-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bousia ◽  
Elli Kartsakli ◽  
Angelos Antonopoulos ◽  
Luis Alonso ◽  
Christos Verikoukis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Load Variations ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
Main Component

Reducing the energy consumption in wireless networks has become a significant challenge, not only because of its great impact on the global energy crisis, but also because it represents a noteworthy cost for telecommunication operators. The Base Stations (BSs), constituting the main component of wireless infrastructure and the major contributor to the energy consumption of mobile cellular networks, are usually designed and planned to serve their customers during peak times. Therefore, they are more than sufficient when the traffic load is low. In this chapter, the authors propose a number of BSs switching off algorithms as an energy efficient solution to the problem of redundancy of network resources. They demonstrate via analysis and by means of simulations that one can achieve reduction in energy consumption when one switches off the unnecessary BSs. In particular, the authors evaluate the energy that can be saved by progressively turning off BSs during the periods when traffic decreases depending on the traffic load variations and the distance between the BS and their associated User Equipments (UEs). In addition, the authors show how to optimize the energy savings of the network by calculating the most energy-efficient combination of switched off and active BSs.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Train Driving Strategy with Considering the Steep Downhill Segment

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wentao Liu ◽  
Tao Tang ◽  
Shuai Su ◽  
Jiateng Yin ◽  
Yuan Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Descent Method ◽  
Urban Rail Transit ◽  
Gradient Descent Method ◽  
Transit Systems ◽  
Classical Energy ◽  
Urban Rail ◽  
Save Energy

Implementation of energy-efficient train driving strategy is an effective method to save train traction energy consumption, which has attracted much attention from both researchers and practitioners in recent years. Reducing the unnecessary braking during the journey and increasing the coasting distance are efficient to save energy in urban rail transit systems. In the steep downhill segment, the train speed will continue to increase without applying traction due to the ramp force. A high initial speed before stepping into the steep downhill segment will bring partial braking to prevent trains from overspeeding. Optimization of the driving strategy of urban rail trains can avoid the partial braking such that the potential energy is efficiently used and the traction energy is reduced. This paper presents an energy-efficient driving strategy optimization model for the segment with the steep downhill slopes. A numerical method is proposed to calculate the corresponding energy-efficient driving strategy of trains. Specifically, the steep downhill segment in the line is identified firstly for a given line and the solution space with different scenarios is analyzed. With the given cruising speed, a primary driving strategy is obtained, based on which the local driving strategy in the steep slope segment is optimized by replacing the cruising regime with coasting regime. Then, the adaptive gradient descent method is adopted to solve the optimal cruising speed corresponding to the minimum traction energy consumption of the train. Some case studies were conducted and the effectiveness of the algorithm was verified by comparing the energy-saving performance with the classical energy-efficient driving strategy of “Maximum traction–Cruising–Coasting–Maximum braking”.

scholarly journals Powertrain Optimization for Electric Buses under Optimal Energy-Efficient Driving

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6451
Author(s):  
Alexander Koch ◽  
Olaf Teichert ◽  
Svenja Kalt ◽  
Aybike Ongel ◽  
Markus Lienkamp
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Ride Comfort ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Dynamic Programming Approach ◽  
Optimal Energy ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Powertrain Configuration

State of the art powertrain optimization compares the energy consumption of different powertrain configurations based on simulations with fixed driving cycles. However, this approach might not be applicable to future vehicles, since speed advisory systems and automated driving functions offer the potential to adapt the speed profile to minimize energy consumption. This study aims to investigate the potential of powertrain optimization with respect to energy consumption under optimal energy-efficient driving for electric buses. The optimal powertrain configurations of the buses under energy-efficient driving and their respective energy consumptions are obtained using powertrain-specific optimized driving cycles and compared with those of human-driven unconnected buses and buses with non-powertrain-specific optimal speed profiles. Based on the results, new trends in the powertrain design of vehicles under energy-efficient driving are derived. The optimized driving cycles are calculated using a dynamic programming approach. The evaluations were based on the fact that the buses under energy-efficient driving operate in dedicated lanes with vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication while the unconnected buses operate in mixed traffic. The results indicate that deviating from the optimal powertrain configuration does not have a significant effect on energy consumption for optimized speed profiles; however, the energy savings from an optimized powertrain configuration can be significant when ride comfort is considered. The connected buses under energy-efficient driving operating in dedicated lanes may reduce energy consumption by up to 27% compared to human-driven unconnected buses.

scholarly journals An evolutionary scheduling approach for trading-off accuracy vs. verifiable energy in multicore processors

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1006-1019
Author(s):  
U Liqat ◽  
Z Banković ◽  
P Lopez-Garcia ◽  
M V Hermenegildo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Multicore Processors ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Control Flow ◽  
Upper And Lower Bounds ◽  
Energy Bound ◽  
Energy Efficient Scheduling

Abstract This work addresses the problem of energy-efficient scheduling and allocation of tasks in multicore environments, where the tasks can allow a certain loss in accuracy in the output, while still providing proper functionality and meeting an energy budget. This margin for accuracy loss is exploited by using computing techniques that reduce the work load, and thus can also result in significant energy savings. To this end, we use the technique of loop perforation, that transforms loops to execute only a subset of their original iterations, and integrate this technique into our existing optimization tool for energy-efficient scheduling. To verify that a schedule meets an energy budget, both safe upper and lower bounds on the energy consumption of the tasks involved are needed. For this reason, we use a parametric approach to estimate safe (and tight) energy bounds that are practical for energy verification (and optimization applications). This approach consists in dividing a program into basic (‘branchless’) blocks, establishing the maximal (resp. minimal) energy consumption for each block using an evolutionary algorithm, and combining the obtained values according to the program control flow, by using static analysis to produce energy bound functions on input data sizes. The scheduling tool uses evolutionary algorithms coupled with the energy bound functions for estimating the energy consumption of different schedules. The experiments with our prototype implementation were performed on multicore XMOS chips, but our approach can be adapted to any multicore environment with minor changes. The experimental results show that our new scheduler enhanced with loop perforation improves on the previous one, achieving significant energy savings (31% on average for the test programs) for acceptable levels of accuracy loss.

scholarly journals A Simulation Approach for Optimising Energy-Efficient Driving Speed Profiles in Metro Lines

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 6038
Author(s):  
Mariano Gallo ◽  
Marilisa Botte ◽  
Antonio Ruggiero ◽  
Luca D’Acierno
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Gradient Algorithm ◽  
Simulation Approach ◽  
Driving Speed ◽  
Optimisation Model

We propose a model for optimising driving speed profiles on metro lines to reduce traction energy consumption. The model optimises the cruising speed to be maintained on each section between two stations; the functions that link the cruising speed to the travel time on the section and the corresponding energy consumption are built using microscopic railway simulation software. In addition to formulating an optimisation model and its resolution through a gradient algorithm, the problem is also solved by using a simulation model and the corresponding optimisation module, with which stochastic factors may be included in the problem. The results are promising and show that traction energy savings of over 25% compared to non-optimised operations may be achieved.

scholarly journals Design of an adiabatic air conditioning package system

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Sachin Sunil Mothiravally ◽  
Sachidananda Hassan Krishanmurthy
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Air Conditioning System ◽  
Adiabatic Cooling ◽  
Save Energy

Air conditioning plays a significant role to maintain a cool atmosphere in warm conditions, However, the power consumed by the machine is higher. The commercial prevailing cooling systems are required to operate ventilation and cooling systems in buildings and in turn consumes more power. These systems apart from consuming electricity it also adds to the CO2 emissions to our environment. These energy consumption and CO2 emissions can be decreased by the assistance of energy effective frameworks to the prevailing air conditioning system. The study was conducted on a package unit of 414.2 kW by measuring the relative humidity, dry bulb, and wet bulb temperature to investigate the effect of indirect evaporative cooling on the systems COP. Also, the modelling of the package unit was done using Creo software and the analysis was carried out using ANSYS considering the flow and thermal analysis for different components of the package units. From this analysis it can be observed that by implementing the adiabatic cooling in package unit it is possible to save energy consumption. From the results it can be concluded that energy efficiency was more and the return on investment is high. Also, coefficient of performance of this machine is high and consumes less electricity and the expected energy savings is 20%.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT RETROFIT POTENTIAL FOR GOVERNMENT OFFICES IN INDIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 03-17
Author(s):  
Gazal Dandia ◽  
◽  
Pratheek Sudhakaran ◽  
Chaitali Basu ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
The Cost

Introduction: High energy consumption by buildings is a great threat to the environment and one of the major causes of climate change. With a population of 1.4 billion people and one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, India is extremely vital for the future of global energy markets. The energy demand for construction activities continues to rise and it is responsible for over one-third of global final energy consumption. Currently, buildings in India account for 35% of total energy consumption and the value is growing by 8% annually. Around 11% of total energy consumption are attributed to the commercial sector. Energy-efficient retrofitting of the built environments created in recent decades is a pressing urban challenge. Presently, most energy-efficient retrofit projects focus mainly on the engineering aspects. In this paper, we evaluate various retrofitting options, such as passive architectural interventions, active technological interventions, or a combination of both, to create the optimum result for the selected building. Methods: Based on a literature study and case examples, we identified various energy-efficient retrofit measures, and then examined and evaluated those as applied to the case study of Awas Bhawan (Rajasthan Housing Board Headquarters), Jaipur, India. For the evaluation, we developed a simulation model using EQuest for each energy measure and calculated the resultant energy savings. Then, based on the cost of implementation and the cost of energy saved, we calculated the payback period. Finally, an optimum retrofit solution was formulated with account for the payback period and ease of installation. Results and discussion: The detailed analysis of various energy-efficient retrofit measures as applied to the case study indicates that the most feasible options for retrofit resulting in optimum energy savings with short payback periods include passive architecture measures and equipment upgrades.

Saving Energy With Brick, Refractory, Insulation and Lagging

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary J. Bases
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Saving Energy ◽  
Plant Operation ◽  
Save Energy

For the refuse-to-energy industry, “Saving Energy with Brick, Refractory, Insulation and Lagging (BRIL)” is as simply as understanding it’s refuse boiler. A refuse-fired boiler has many components to make it do what it is supposed to do. BRIL is a key component of the boiler just as important as the tubes that carry the water &/or steam, the soot blowers that keep the unit free of fly ash or dust, the burners that burn the fuel efficiently, the economizers that recover heat and pre-heat the water, and many more such systems found on, in and around the boiler. They all help keep the boiler operating thermally and energy efficient. Proper BRIL material selection and installation can have an energy savings of 5–7% per year in fuel consumption. That is why experts say, “brick, refractory, insulation, and lagging (BRIL) installed to save energy, saves money at a rate that is essential for efficient plant operation.”

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Yellow Saddle Goatfish Algorithm

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alma Rodríguez ◽  
Carolina Del-Valle-Soto ◽  
Ramiro Velázquez
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Cluster Structure ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Cluster Heads ◽  
Energy Efficient Clustering

The usage of wireless sensor devices in many applications, such as in the Internet of Things and monitoring in dangerous geographical spaces, has increased in recent years. However, sensor nodes have limited power, and battery replacement is not viable in most cases. Thus, energy savings in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is the primary concern in the design of efficient communication protocols. Therefore, a novel energy-efficient clustering routing protocol for WSNs based on Yellow Saddle Goatfish Algorithm (YSGA) is proposed. The protocol is intended to intensify the network lifetime by reducing energy consumption. The network considers a base station and a set of cluster heads in its cluster structure. The number of cluster heads and the selection of optimal cluster heads is determined by the YSGA algorithm, while sensor nodes are assigned to its nearest cluster head. The cluster structure of the network is reconfigured by YSGA to ensure an optimal distribution of cluster heads and reduce the transmission distance. Experiments show competitive results and demonstrate that the proposed routing protocol minimizes the energy consumption, improves the lifetime, and prolongs the stability period of the network in comparison with the stated of the art clustering routing protocols.

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