scholarly journals A Low-Cost Electronic System for Human-Body Communication

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1928
Author(s):  
Adriano Vale-Cardoso ◽  
Mariana Moreira ◽  
Kristtopher Kayo Coelho ◽  
Alex Vieira ◽  
Aldri Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Communication Circuits ◽  
Adhesive Surface ◽  
Vector Network Analyzers ◽  
Network Analyzers ◽  
Human Body Communication

Human-body communication (HBC) has increasingly gained attention from academia and industry. Most current works focus on characterizing the use of human-body tissues as a physical medium to enable reliable communication. However, designing coupling hardware and communication circuits for reliable data transmission (e.g., high throughput and low latency) is a demanding task, especially for achieving a compact full electronic implementation. For this purpose, there are few commercial devices, mainly differential probes and balun transformers, employed with electrical analysis instruments such as oscilloscopes and vector network analyzers. Although these devices are widely used, they are expensive and are difficult to miniaturize and integrate into real-world HBC-specific applications (e.g., data security). This article presents a low-cost electronic system that transfers collected data using a secondary channel: the ionic environment (the primary channel would be the wireless environment). We design an electronic system as an experimental setup for studying HBC, allowing the communication between instruments, sensors, and actuators by human-body tissues. The experimental evaluation of the proposed system follows (i) a phantom composed of saline (0.9%) and (ii) a real human forearm through adhesive surface electrodes.

scholarly journals Reference Breast Phantoms for Low-Cost Microwave Imaging

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-415
Author(s):  
Emine Avşar Aydin ◽  
Selin Yabaci Karaoğlan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Microwave Frequency ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Microwave Imaging ◽  
Vector Network Analyzers ◽  
Network Analyzers ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Breast Phantoms ◽  
Inverse Radon Transform

Microwave imaging provides an alternative method for breast cancer screening and the diagnosis of cerebrovascular accidents. Before a surgical operation, the performance of microwave imaging systems should be evaluated on anatomically detailed anthropomorphic phantoms. This paper puts forward the advances in the development of breast phantoms based on 3D printing structures filled with liquid solutions that mimic biological tissues in terms of complex permittivity in a wide microwave frequency band. In this paper; four different experimental scenarios were created, and measurements were performed, and although there are many vector network analyzers on the market, the miniVNA used in this study has been shown to have potential in many biomedical applications such as portable computer-based breast cancer detection studies. We especially investigated the reproducibility of a particular mixture and the ability of some mixes to mimic various breast tissues. Afterwards, the images similar to the experimentally created scenarios were obtained by implementing the inverse radon transform to the obtained data.

scholarly journals Design of a Tri-Axial Surface Micromachined MEMS Vibrating Gyroscope

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2822
Author(s):  
Rocco Crescenzi ◽  
Giuseppe Vincenzo Castellito ◽  
Simone Quaranta ◽  
Marco Balucani
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Micro Electro Mechanical Systems ◽  
Final Assembly ◽  
Comb Drives

Gyroscopes are one of the next killer applications for the MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems) sensors industry. Many mature applications have already been developed and produced in limited volumes for the automotive, consumer, industrial, medical, and military markets. Plenty of high-volume applications, over 100 million per year, have been calling for low-cost gyroscopes. Bulk silicon is a promising candidate for low-cost gyroscopes due to its large scale availability and maturity of its manufacturing industry. Nevertheless, it is not suitable for a real monolithic IC integration and requires a dedicated packaging. New designs are supposed to eliminate the need for magnets and metal case package, and allow for a real monolithic MEMS-IC (Integrated Circuit) electronic system. In addition, a drastic cost reduction could be achieved by utilizing off-the-shelf plastic packaging with lead frames for the final assembly. The present paper puts forward the design of a novel tri-axial gyroscope based on rotating comb-drives acting as both capacitive sensors and actuators. The comb-drives are comprised of a single monolithic moving component (rotor) and fixed parts (stators). The former is made out of different concentrated masses connected by curved silicon beams in order to decouple the motion signals. The sensor was devised to be fabricated through the PolyMUMPs® process and it is intended for working in air in order to semplify the MEMS-IC monolithic integration.

Homodyne vector network analysis as a tool for the real-time measurement of electrical material parameter distributions in the field

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-188
Author(s):  
Ronny Peter ◽  
Gerhard Fischerauer
Keyword(s):  
Material Parameter ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Shape Factors ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Real Time Measurement ◽  
Vector Network Analyzers ◽  
Network Analyzers ◽  
Electromagnetic Resonances ◽  
Parameter Distributions

AbstractThe spatial distribution of electrical material parameters (e. g. permittivity and conductivity) can be a valuable indicator of the state of a chemical process or the condition of the processing system. Unfortunately, there are very few measurement systems that could handle this task in the field at low cost and with small shape factors. A potential solution currently under research for the determination of material parameter distributions is based on electromagnetic resonances inside chemical reactors. In the laboratory, vector network analyzers (VNA) and personal computers are used, which is expensive. This contribution reports on an application-specific stand-alone homodyne VNA with integrated data processing as an effort to transfer the laboratory-proven method to the field. The quality of the approach, validated by comparison with commercial VNAs, is shown to suffice for typical field applications.

scholarly journals A Low-Cost and Compact Three-Dimensional Microwave Holographic Imaging System

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailun Wu ◽  
Reza K. Amineh
Keyword(s):  
Imaging System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Microwave Imaging ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Holographic Imaging ◽  
Compact Size ◽  
Vector Network Analyzers ◽  
Network Analyzers

With the significant growth in the use of non-metallic composite materials, the demands for new and robust non-destructive testing methodologies is high. Microwave imaging has attracted a lot of attention recently for such applications. This is in addition to the biomedical imaging applications of microwave that are also being pursued actively. Among these efforts, in this paper, we propose a compact and cost-effective three-dimensional microwave imaging system based on a fast and robust holographic technique. For this purpose, we employ narrow-band microwave data, instead of wideband data used in previous three-dimensional cylindrical holographic imaging systems. Three-dimensional imaging is accomplished by using an array of receiver antennas surrounding the object and scanning that along with a transmitter antenna over a cylindrical aperture. To achieve low cost and compact size, we employ off-the-shelf components to build a data acquisition system replacing the costly and bulky vector network analyzers. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate the satisfactory performance of the proposed imaging system. We also show the effect of number of frequencies and size of the objects on the quality of reconstructed images.

scholarly journals Understanding The Role of Magnetic and Magneto-Quasistatic Fields in Human Body Communication

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayukh Nath ◽  
Alfred Krister Ulvog ◽  
Scott Weigand ◽  
Shreyas Sen
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Eddy Currents ◽  
Wireless Body Area Network ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Area Network ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Body Area ◽  
Power Efficient ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Human Body Communication

AbstractWith the advent of wearable technologies, Human Body Communication (HBC) has emerged as a physically secure and power-efficient alternative to the otherwise ubiquitous Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). Whereas the most investigated nodes of HBC have been Electric and Electro-quasistatic (EQS) Capacitive and Galvanic, recently Magnetic HBC (M-HBC) has been proposed as a viable alternative. Previous works have investigated M-HBC through an application point of view, without developing a fundamental working principle for the same. In this paper, for the first time, a ground up analysis has been performed to study the possible effects and contributions of the human body channel in M-HBC over a broad frequency range (1kHz to 10 GHz), by detailed electromagnetic simulations and supporting experiments. The results show that while M-HBC can be successfully operated as a body area network, the human body itself plays a minimal or negligible role in it’s functionality. For frequencies less than ∼30 Hz, in the domain of operation of Magneto-quasistatic (MQS) HBC, the human body is transparent to the quasistatic magnetic field. Conversely for higher frequencies, the conductive nature of human tissues end up attenuating Magnetic HBC fields due to Eddy currents induced in body tissues, eliminating the possibility of the body to support efficient waveguide modes. With this better understanding at hand, different modes of operations of MQS HBC have been outlined for both high impedance capacitive and 50Ω termination cases, and their performances have been compared with EQS HBC for similar sized devices, over varying distance between TX and RX. The resulting report presents the first fundamental understanding towards M-HBC operation and its contrast with EQS HBC, aiding HBC device designers to make educated design decisions, depending on mode of applications.

EXPERIMENTATION OF A LOW COST ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION INDEX TO THE CITY OF CAMPINA GRANDE, BRAZIL

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson da Trindade Marcelino ◽  
Júlio Mannuel Tavares Diniz ◽  
ALVARO ROCHA ◽  
Eisenhawer de Moura Fernandes ◽  
Raimundo Duarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
The City

Opening up a New Field of Modern Medical Research 1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoguang Li
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acupuncture Point ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Special Effect ◽  
Special Knowledge ◽  
Opening Up

Modern medicine tells us that the human body is an organism composed of heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, stomach, brain, nerves, muscles, bones, blood vessels, blood and so on, while traditional Chinese medicine believes that besides these tissues and organs, the human body still has another part of the structure, traditional Chinese medicine calls them Jing Luo and Shu Xue. Jing Luo means the longitudinal line of the human body and the accompanying net, translated into English Meridians and Collaterals. Shu Xue means holes distributed on Jing Luo and outside Jing Luo, because stimulating Shu Xue's position by acupuncture, massage and other methods can cure diseases, so Shu Xue is translated into English acupuncture point, abbreviated as acupoint or point. Meridians and acupoints are the special knowledge of human body structure in traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine not only draws the distribution map of the meridians and acupoints in the human body, but also has been using them to treat diseases for thousands of years. There are hundreds of these acupoints, stimulating each one by acupuncture, massage or other methods will have a special effect on the human body and can treat various diseases. But what effect does stimulating every acupoint have on the human body so that it can treat various diseases? The discussion of traditional Chinese medicine is vague and incomprehensible, and can not be proved by experiments. According to the author's research for more than 30 years, this paper makes a clear and accurate exposition of the effects on the human body and diseases that can be treated with acupoint massage. These statements can be proved by experiments, so they are believed to be reliable. It is hoped that meridians, acupoints and massage therapy can be incorporated into modern medicine and become a part of modern medicine after being proved by others through experiments. Massaging acupoints can not only treat many diseases that are difficult to be treated with drugs, but also have simple methods and low cost.

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