scholarly journals Feasibility of Wireless Horse Monitoring Using a Kinetic Energy Harvester Model

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1730
Author(s):  
Ben Van Herbruggen ◽  
Jaron Fontaine ◽  
Anniek Eerdekens ◽  
Margot Deruyck ◽  
Wout Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Vibrational Energy ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Forward Direction ◽  
Accelerometer Data ◽  
Wireless Data ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Operational Lifetime ◽  
Monitoring Devices

To detect behavioral anomalies (disease/injuries), 24 h monitoring of horses each day is increasingly important. To this end, recent advances in machine learning have used accelerometer data to improve the efficiency of practice sessions and for early detection of health problems. However, current devices are limited in operational lifetime due to the need to manually replace batteries. To remedy this, we investigated the possibilities to power the wireless radio with a vibrational piezoelectric energy harvester at the leg (or in the hoof) of the horse, allowing perpetual monitoring devices. This paper reports the average power that can be delivered to the node by energy harvesting for four different natural gaits of the horse: stand, walking, trot and canter, based on an existing model for a velocity-damped resonant generator (VDRG). To this end, 33 accelerometer datasets were collected over 4.5 h from six horses during different activities. Based on these measurements, a vibrational energy harvester model was calculated that can provide up to 64.04 μW during the energetic canter gait, taking an energy conversion rate of 60% into account. Most energy is provided during canter in the forward direction of the horse. The downwards direction is less suitable for power harvesting. Additionally, different wireless technologies are considered to realize perpetual wireless data sensing. During horse training sessions, BLE allows continues data transmissions (one packet every 0.04 s during canter), whereas IEEE 802.15.4 and UWB technologies are better suited for continuous horse monitoring during less energetic states due to their lower sleep current.

scholarly journals Double-Deck Metal Solenoids 3D Integrated in Silicon Wafer for Kinetic Energy Harvester

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Nianying Wang ◽  
Ruofeng Han ◽  
Changnan Chen ◽  
Jiebin Gu ◽  
Xinxin Li
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Vibrational Energy ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Peak Voltage ◽  
Silicon Mold ◽  
Casting Technique

A silicon-chip based double-deck three-dimensional (3D) solenoidal electromagnetic (EM) kinetic energy harvester is developed to convert low-frequency (<100 Hz) vibrational energy into electricity with high efficiency. With wafer-level micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication to form a metal casting mold and the following casting technique to rapidly (within minutes) fill molten ZnAl alloy into the pre-micromachined silicon mold, the 300-turn solenoid coils (150 turns for either inner solenoid or outer solenoid) are fabricated in silicon wafers for saw dicing into chips. A cylindrical permanent magnet is inserted into a pre-etched channel for sliding upon external vibration, which is surrounded by the solenoids. The size of the harvester chip is as small as 10.58 mm × 2.06 mm × 2.55 mm. The internal resistance of the solenoids is about 17.9 Ω. The maximum peak-to-peak voltage and average power output are measured as 120.4 mV and 43.7 μW. The EM energy harvester shows great improvement in power density, which is 786 μW/cm3 and the normalized power density is 98.3 μW/cm3/g. The EM energy harvester is verified by experiment to be able to generate electricity through various human body movements of walking, running and jumping. The wafer-level fabricated chip-style solenoidal EM harvesters are advantageous in uniform performance, small size and volume applications.

Energy Harvesting From Broadband Random Vibrations: Comparison of Single-Mode and Multi-Mode Electroelastic Solutions

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihong Zhao ◽  
Alper Erturk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Vibrational Energy ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Random Excitation ◽  
Distributed Parameter ◽  
Random Vibrations ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Multi Mode

Vibration-based energy harvesting has been heavily researched over the last decade with a primary focus on resonant excitation. However, ambient vibrational energy often has broader frequency content than a single harmonic, and in many cases it is entirely stochastic. As compared to the literature of deterministic energy harvesting, very few authors presented modeling approaches for energy harvesting from broadband random vibrations. These efforts have combined the input statistical information with the single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) dynamics of the energy harvester to express the statistical electromechanical response characteristics. In most cases, the motion input (base acceleration) is assumed to be ideal white noise. White noise has a flat power spectral density (PSD) that might in fact excite higher vibration modes of an electroelastic energy harvester. In particular, piezoelectric energy harvesters constitute such continuous electroelastic systems with more than one vibration mode. This paper presents modeling and simulations of piezoelectric energy harvesting from broadband random vibrations based on distributed-parameter electroelastic solution. For white noise–type base acceleration of a given PSD level, first the general solution of the distributed-parameter problem is given. Closed-form representations are extracted for the single-mode case and these are analogous to the SDOF equations reported in the literature of energy harvesting. It is reported that the single-mode predictions might result in significant mismatch as compared to multi-mode predictions. Using the electroelastic solution, soft and hard piezoelectric power generators are compared under broadband random excitation. Shunt damping effect of power generation on the stochastic vibration response under broadband random excitation is also reported.

scholarly journals The Effect of Axial Displacement of Magnets in Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.7) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Li Wah Thong ◽  
Yu Jing Bong ◽  
Swee Leong Kok ◽  
Roszaidi Ramlan
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Vibrational Energy ◽  
Vibration Energy ◽  
Vibration Energy Harvester ◽  
Energy Harvesters ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Operational Frequency ◽  
And Performance

The utilization of vibration energy harvesters as a substitute to batteries in wireless sensors has shown prominent interest in the literature. Various approaches have been adapted in the energy harvesters to competently harvest vibrational energy over a wider spectrum of frequencies with optimize power output.   A typical bistable piezoelectric energy harvester, where the influence of magnetic field is induced into a linear piezoelectric cantilever, is designed and analyzed in this paper. The exploitations of the magnetic force specifically creates nonlinear response and bistability in the energy harvester that extends the operational frequency spectrum for optimize performance.  Further analysis on the effects of axial spacing displacement between two repulsive magnets of the harvester, in terms of x-axis (horizontal) and z-axis (vertical) on its natural resonant frequency and performance based on the frequency response curve are investigated for realizing optimal power output. Experimental results show that by selecting the optimal axial spacing displacement, the vibration energy harvester can be designed to produce maximized output power in an improved broadband of frequency spectrum.  

An asymmetric magnetic-coupled bending-torsion piezoelectric energy harvester: modeling and experimental investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huirong Zhang ◽  
Wentao Sui ◽  
Chongqiu Yang ◽  
Leian Zhang ◽  
Rujun Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Harmonic Excitation ◽  
Lumped Parameter Model ◽  
Distributed Parameter ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Distributed Parameter Model ◽  
Piezoelectric Beam ◽  
Lumped Parameter ◽  
Torsion Energy

Abstract This paper presents a detailed investigation on an asymmetric magnetic-coupled bending-torsion piezoelectric energy harvester based on harmonic excitation. There is an eccentricity between the shape center of moving magnets and the axis of the piezoelectric beam, which results in the bending and torsion simultaneously in working condition. The distributed mathematical model is derived from the energy method to describe the dynamic characteristics of the harvester, and the correctness of the model is verified by experiments. To further demonstrate the improvement performance of the proposed energy harvester, the bending-torsion energy harvester (i.e. magnetic-coupled was not configured) is experimented and compared. The theoretical and experimental results indicate that the average power increases about 300% but the resonance frequency decreases approximately 2 Hz comparing to the harvester without magnetic-coupled. According to the characteristic of distributed parameter model, the magnetic force and the size of the piezoelectric beam are investigated respectively. And the lumped-parameter model is introduced to analyze the steady-state characteristic. Accordingly, this paper provides a feasible method to improve performance for piezoelectric energy harvester.

scholarly journals Electromechanical Performance Analysis of the Hybrid Piezoelectric-Electromagnetic Energy Harvester under Rotary Magnetic Plucking Excitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Hongyan Wang ◽  
Jiarui Hu ◽  
Gang Sun ◽  
Liying Zou
Keyword(s):  
Electromechanical Coupling ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Electromagnetic Energy ◽  
Lumped Parameter Model ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Power Inputs ◽  
Power Outputs

This paper presents an analysis of the hybrid piezoelectric-electromagnetic energy harvester (P-EMEH) driven by contactless rotary magnetic plucking. A lumped-parameter model of the hybrid P-EMEH is developed, and the model parameters are determined from the finite element analysis (FEA) method. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of driving force parameters, load resistance, and electromechanical coupling strengths (EMCSs) on the maximal displacements and velocities, average power inputs and outputs, and energy efficiencies of the system for indicating the performance of the hybrid P-EMEH. The results show that the hybrid P-EMEH can obtain the improved power inputs by reducing the gyration radii of the rotary magnet and shortening the gaps between the two magnets. The structural vibrations can be strongly suppressed owing to the optimal piezoelectric power outputs, which can lead to the occurrence of valleys’ power of the electromagnetic element. At weak coupling, the hybrid P-EMEH can achieve higher power outputs than the single piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) and the single electromagnetic energy harvester (EMEH). At strong coupling, the use of the PEH is more advantageous for energy harvesting due to wider power bandwidths at high dimensionless frequencies when compared with the hybrid P-EMEH. This work provides a fundamental understanding on the effect of load resistance and EMCSs on the dynamic and electrical characteristics of the magnetically plucked hybrid P-EMEH.

A Novel Bi-Stable Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Inspired by the Venus Flytrap

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Qian ◽  
Lei Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Dynamics ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Venus Flytrap ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Displacement Constraint ◽  
Frequency Components ◽  
Tip Mass

Abstract This paper studies the nonlinear dynamics and energy harvesting performance of a novel bi-stable piezoelectric energy harvester inspired by the rapid shape transition of the Venus flytrap leaves. The harvester is composed of a piezoelectric MFC transducer, a tip mass, and two sub-beams. The two sub-beams are akin to the bidirectionally curved Venus flytrap leaves that could rapidly snap-through from the open state to the closed state. To realize the bistability of the Venus flytrap leaves induced by the stored potential energy, an in-plane pre-displacement constraint is applied to the free ends of the sub-beams. The pre-displacement constraint leads to bending and twisting deformations and creates the potential energy in the harvester. The bio-inspired design is introduced in detail and a prototype is fabricated to validate the conceptual design. The nonlinear dynamics of the bio-inspired bi-stable piezoelectric energy harvester is investigated under base acceleration excitations. Results show that the sub-beams of the harvester experience more complicated local vibrations containing broadband high-frequency components as the snap-through motion happens. The energy harvesting performance of the harvester is evaluated at different excitation levels. The broadband energy harvesting is achieved at higher excitation levels and an average power output of 0.193 mW is attained under the excitation of 10 Hz and 4.0 g.

Testing of Vibrational Energy Harvesting on Flying Birds

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Shafer ◽  
Robert MacCurdy ◽  
Ephrahim Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Vibrational Energy ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Wireless Receiver ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Metabolic Output ◽  
Vibrational Energy Harvesting

Discrete animal-mounted sensors and tags have a wide range of potential applications for researching wild animals and their environments. The devices could be used to monitor location, metabolic output, or used as environmental monitoring sentinels. These applications are made possible by recent decreases in the size, mass, and power consumption of modern microelectronics. Despite these performance increases, for extended deployments these systems need to generate power in-situ. In this work, we explore a device that was recently deployed to test the concept of vibrational piezoelectric energy harvesting on flying birds. We explain the development of the device and introduce test results conducted on flying pigeons (Columba livia). The 12 g testing device consisted of a miniature data acquisition system and a piezoelectric energy harvester. The system recorded both the harvested power and the in-flight accelerations of the bird. The energy harvester included a wireless receiver, battery and linear servo. By remotely actuating the linear servo, we were able to arrest the energy harvester for portions of the flight. In doing so, we will be able to compare flight accelerations of a bird with a simple proof mass and with a dynamic mass without having to stop the flight of the bird. The comparison of these two cases allows for the assessment of the feasibility of employing vibrational energy harvesting on a flying bird. We present the initial results of this testing with regard to the harvested power and the in-flight acceleration profiles.

scholarly journals A C-Battery Scale Energy Harvester: Part A — System Dynamics

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Nico ◽  
Elisabetta Boco ◽  
Ronan Frizzell ◽  
Jeff Punch
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Vibrational Energy ◽  
Maximum Output Power ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Resistive Load ◽  
Sinusoidal Excitation

In recent years, the development of small and low power electronics has led to the deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that are largely used in military and civil applications. Vibrational energy harvesting can be used to power these sensors in order to obviate the costs of battery replacement. Vibrational energy harvesters (VEHs) are devices that convert the kinetic energy present in the ambient into electrical energy using three principal transduction mechanisms: piezoelectric, electromagnetic or electrostatic. The investigation presented in this paper specifically aims to realize a device that converts vibrations from different ambient sources to electrical energy for powering autonomous wireless sensors. A “C-battery” scale (25.5 mm diameter by 57.45 mm long, 29.340 cm3) two Degree-of-Freedom (2-DoF) nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvester, which employs velocity amplification, is presented in this paper. Velocity amplification is achieved through sequential collisions between two free-moving masses, a primary (larger) and a secondary (smaller) mass. The nonlinearities are due to the use of multiple masses and the use of magnetic springs between the primary mass and the housing, and between the primary and secondary masses. Part A of this paper presents a detailed experimental characterization of the system dynamics, while Part B describes the design and verification of the magnet/coil interaction for optimum prototype power output. The harvester is characterized experimentally under sinusoidal excitation for different geometrical configurations and also under the excitation of an air-compressor. The maximum output power generated under sinusoidal excitation of arms = 0.4 g is 1.74 mW across a resistive load of 9975 Ω, while the output rms voltage is 4.2 V. Under the excitation of the compressor, the maximum peak power across a load resistance of 8660 Ω is 1.37 mW, while the average power is 85.5 μW.

scholarly journals Design and Development of a Lead-Freepiezoelectric Energy Harvester for Wideband, Low Frequency, and Low Amplitude Vibrations

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1537
Author(s):  
Neetu Kumari ◽  
Micky Rakotondrabe
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Piezoelectric Material ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Vibrational Energy ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Ambient Vibrations ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Low Amplitude

In recent years, energy harvesting from ambient vibrations using piezoelectric materials has become the center of attention due to the fact that it has the potential to replace batteries, providing an easy way to power wireless and low power sensors and electronic devices. Piezoelectric material has been extensively used in energy harvesting technologies. However, the most commercially available and widely used piezoelectric materials are lead-based, Pb [ZrxTi1−x] O3 (PZT), which contains more than 60 weight percent lead (Pb). Due to its extremely hazardous effects on lead elements, there is a strong need to substitute PZT with new lead-free materials that have comparable properties to those of PZT. Lead-free lithium niobate (LiNbO3) piezoelectric material can be considered as a substitute for lead-based piezoelectric materials for vibrational energy scavenging applications. LiNbO3 crystal has a lower dielectric constant comparison to the conventional piezoceramics (for instance, PZT); however, at the same time, LiNbO3 (LN) single crystal presents a figure of merits similar to that of PZT, which makes it the most suitable choice for a vibrational energy harvester based on lead-free materials. The implementation was carried out using a global optimization approach including a thick single-crystal film on a metal substrate with optimized clamped capacitance for better impedance matching conditions. A lot of research shows that standard designs such as linear piezoelectric energy harvesters are not a prominent solution as they can only operate in a narrow bandwidth because of their single high resonant peak in their frequency spectrum. In this paper, we propose, and experimentally validate, a novel lead-free piezoelectric energy harvester to harness electrical energy from wideband, low-frequency, and low-amplitude ambient vibration. To reach this target, the harvester is designed to combine multi-frequency and nonlinear techniques. The proposed energy harvesting system consists of six piezoelectric cantilevers of different sizes and different resonant frequencies. Each is based on lead-free lithium niobate piezoelectric material coupled with a shape memory alloy (nitinol) substrate. The design is in the form of a circular ring to which the cantilevers are embedded to create nonlinear behavior when excited with ambient vibrations. The finite element simulation and the experimental results confirm that the proposed lead-free harvester design is efficient at low frequencies, particularly different frequencies below 250 Hz.

Design Under Uncertainty for a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester to Power a Tire Pressure Monitoring System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Toghi Eshghi ◽  
Soobum Lee ◽  
Young-Cheol Kim
Keyword(s):  
Design Optimization ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Vibrational Energy ◽  
Dynamic Strain ◽  
Reliability Based Design Optimization ◽  
Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Reliability Based Design ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy

In this paper we perform reliability analysis for a piezoelectric energy harvester to power the tire pressure monitoring sensor (TPMS) under various uncertainty. Reliability based design optimization (RBDO) is applied to improve the performance of the system. Wasted vibrational energy in a vehicle’s rotating tire can be exploited to enable a self-powered TPMS. Piezoelectric type energy harvesters (EHs) are frequently used to collect vibrational energy and power such devices. While exposed to a high impact loading condition in a tire, the harvester experiences increasing strains which is under a higher risk of mechanical failure. Therefore, there is a need for a design to enhance the harvester’s fatigue life as well as maintaining the required power generation. Multiple design optimization studies found to consider the design update by traditional deterministic design optimization (DDO) which does not show reliable performance as it is unable to account for various uncertainty factors including manufacturing tolerances, environmental effects, and material properties. In this study, we consider uncertainty issue by using reliability-based design optimization under presence of various source of uncertainties. The RBDO problem is defined to satisfy power requirement and durability concerns as the constraints while considering design limitations such as compactness and weight. The time varying response of the EH such as generated power, dynamic strain, and stresses are measured by a transient analysis. Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm is used for both DDO and RBDO, and the design results are compared. The RBDO results demonstrate that the reliability of EH is increased by 26% with scarifying the objective function for 2.5% compared to DDO.

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