scholarly journals Mechanism to Estimate Effective Spectrum Availability Inside Smart Buildings

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1244
Author(s):  
Washington Medina ◽  
Francisco Novillo ◽  
Eduardo Chancay ◽  
Juan Romero
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Wireless Systems ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Primary System ◽  
Smart Buildings ◽  
Smart Building

Smart cities and smart buildings must provide their customers with many services, including those associated with health, productivity, and energy efficiency, among others. Short-range wireless systems can provide all of these services, but the significant growth of wireless networks operating within a smart building (SB) can produce the phenomenon of spectrum shortages. Spectrum shortages could be resolved using Cognitive Radio (CR)-based systems to improve the efficiency of electromagnetic spectrum use by taking advantage of the reusable spectrum available in the building’s interior. This study proposes a mechanism using two interference conditions to quickly estimate the minimum amount of effective spectrum availability (ESA) inside an SB. The results show that an SB contains ESA distributed across 36% to 98% of the building’s area for reuse, as a function of the height of the building and of the distance from the base station (BS) of the primary system.

scholarly journals Smart Building Integration into a Smart City: Comparative Study of Real Estate Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9376
Author(s):  
Rasa Apanaviciene ◽  
Rokas Urbonas ◽  
Paris A. Fokaides
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Real Estate Development ◽  
Smart Buildings ◽  
Smart Building ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

Smart buildings and smart cities are not the future perspectives anymore—the smart building integration into a smart city is an actual question for today and tomorrow. Development of smart buildings not only enhances the smart city concept but also promotes positivity to the urban development and national economy, and increases the quality of life of the whole population reacting to global challenges of sustainability. The innovative smart building and smart city technologies enable us to overcome these challenges by being employed through all real estate (RE) project development stages. The Evaluation Framework for Real Estate Development in Smart Cities created by the authors provides the possibility to assess the existing as well as to forecast future RE projects integration into a smart city during the whole life-cycle stage. The practical application of the presented evaluation framework was illustrated by the comparative case study. Based on the created smart building integration into a smart city evaluation framework for real estate development, 10 RE projects in Lithuania and over the world were assessed and rated by selected criteria relevant to different RE development stages. The evaluation results revealed that, especially at the design and construction stages, the existing intelligence of RE projects and/or cities is insufficient. Although real estate projects are technologically advanced as single entities, the integration into smart city networks is limited by interoperability capabilities of the cities or by different strategic goals settled by real estate developers.

scholarly journals Smart Built Environment Including Smart Home, Smart Building and Smart City: Definitions and Applied Technologies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reyhaneh Karimi ◽  
Leila Farahzadi ◽  
Samad M.E. Sepasgozar ◽  
Sharifeh Sargolzaei ◽  
Sanee M. Ebrahimzadeh Sepasgozar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Smart Home ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Smart Buildings ◽  
Smart Systems ◽  
Smart Building ◽  
Energy Management Systems ◽  
The Past

Technology, particularly over the past decades, has affected the cities and their components, such as building sectors. Consequently, smart building that has currently utilized various technologies which is incorporated into buildings is the core of the present chapter. It provides a comprehensive overview on smart cities, smart buildings and smart home to address what systems and technologies have been incorporated so far. The aim is to review the smart concepts in built environment with the main focus on smart cities, smart buildings, and smart homes. State-of-the-art and current practices in smart buildings were also reviewed to enlighten a set of directions for future studies. The Chapter is primarily focuses on 51 articles in smart buildings/homes, as per collected from various datasets. It represents a summary of systems utilized and incorporared into smart buildings and homes over the past decade (2010–2020). Additional to different features of smart buildings and homes, is the discussion around various fields and system performances currently utilized in smart buildings/homes. Limitations and future trends and directions is also discussed. In total, such building/home systems were categorized into 6 groups, including: security systems, healthcare systems, energy management systems, building/home management systems, automation systems, and activity/movement recognition systems. Furthermore, there are a number of surveys which investigated the user’s acceptance and adoption of the new smart systems in homes and buildings, as presented and summarized thereafter in Tables. The present Chapter is a contribution to a better understanding of the functions and performances of such buildings/homes for further implementation and enhancement so that varying demands of smart citizens are fulfilled and eventually contribute to the development of smart cities.

scholarly journals On the Energy Efficiency in the Next Generation of Smart Buildings—Supporting Technologies and Techniques

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 4399 ◽  
Author(s):  
César Benavente-Peces
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Smart Buildings ◽  
The Impact

Energy efficiency is one of the most relevant issues that the scientific community, and society in general, must face in the next years. Furthermore, higher energy efficiencies will contribute to worldwide sustainability. Buildings are responsible for 40% of the overall consumed energy. Smart Grids and Smart Buildings are playing an essential role in the definition of the next generation of sustainable Smart Cities. The main goal is reducing the impact of energy consumption on the environment as much as possible. This paper focuses on information communication technologies (ICTs) and techniques, their key characteristics and contribution to obtain higher energy efficiencies in smart buildings. Given that electrical energy is the most used, the investigation mainly centres on this energy. This paper also pays attention to green energies and energy harvesting due to their contribution to energy efficiency by providing additional clean energy. The main contribution of this investigation is pointing out the most relevant existing and emerging ICT technologies and techniques which can be used to optimize the energy efficiency of Smart Buildings. The research puts special attention on available, novel and emerging sensors, communication technologies and standards, intelligence techniques and algorithms, green energies and energy harvesting. All of them enable high-performance intelligent systems to optimize energy consumption and occupants’ comfort. Furthermore, it remarks on the most suitable technologies and techniques, their main features and their applications in Smart Buildings.

scholarly journals Tradeoff Analysis between Spectral and Energy Efficiency Based on Sub-Channel Activity Index in Wireless Cognitive Radio Networks

Information ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prince Semba Yawada ◽  
Mai Trung Dong
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Power Allocation ◽  
Cognitive Radio Networks ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Spectrum Management ◽  
Radio Networks ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Channel Activity

In recent years, there has been a rapid evolution of wireless technologies that has led to the challenge of high demand for spectral resources. To overcome this challenge, good spectrum management is required that calls for more efficient use of the spectrum. In this paper, we present a general system, which makes a tradeoff between the spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) in the cellular cognitive radio networks (CCRN) with their respective limits. We have analyzed the system taking into account the different types of power used in the CCRN, namely the spectrum detection power (Zs) and the relay power (Zr). Optimal policy for emission power allocation formulated in the function of sub-channel activity index (SAI) as an optimization problem in order to maximize spectrum utilization and minimize the energy consumption in the base station of the secondary system energy consumption, is subject to different constraints of the main user system. We also evaluate the collaborative activity index of the sub-channel describing the activity of the primary users in the CCRN. The theoretical analyses and simulation results sufficiently demonstrate that the SE and EE relationship in the CCRN is not contrary and thus the achievement of optimal tradeoff between SE and EE. By making a rapprochement with a cognitive cellular network where SBSs adopts an equal power allocation strategy for sub-channels, the results of our proposed scheme indicate a significant improvement. Therefore, the model proposed in this paper offers a better tradeoff between SE and EE.

scholarly journals Measuring Smart Building Readiness Index: A Case Study of Bandung City

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Indrawati . ◽  
Angdini Nurillaily ◽  
Husni Amani ◽  
S. K. B. Pillai
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Smart Buildings ◽  
Smart Building ◽  
The Public ◽  
Developing Cities ◽  
High Level

Government and private players started focusing on developing cities in to smart cities due to increased level of urbanization in most of the countries around the world, including in Indonesia, by focusing on developing new smart buildings and upgrading old ones. Present paper tried to find out the Smart Building Readiness Index (SBRI) of Bandung City for knowing the level of awareness among the general public based on an exploratory research, the result of which enables the authorities to take strategic initiatives for improving the smart buildings and then to smart city status. Required data was collected by conducting in-depth interviews with 30 respondents and the result of the qualitative data revealed that Bandung’s SBRI comes to only 64.39, which is not a good indicator but within the limits of fairness and needs lot of improvement in future. The result also can be considered as an indicator that annual energy consumption in Bandung city is still at a high level and needs to focus on improving the quality of buildings in and around Bandung city for the purpose of overall reduction in energy consumption and improvement in quality of environment as well as quality of life. Respondents are also not fully aware of the smart building concept. Much needs to be done for making the public aware of the concept of smart building and its usefulness along with strategically developing smart buildings so that in future Bandung city transforms into a smart city with smart buildings. Keywords— Smart City; Smart Building Readiness Index; Bandung.

scholarly journals A New Stability Criterion for IoT Systems in Smart Buildings: Temperature Case Study

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1412
Author(s):  
Roberto Casado-Vara ◽  
Angel Martín del Rey ◽  
Ricardo S. Alonso ◽  
Saber Trabelsi ◽  
Juan M. Corchado
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Stability Criterion ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Transmission Function ◽  
Control Algorithms ◽  
Smart Buildings ◽  
Smart Building ◽  
And Control ◽  
Internet Of Things Technology

The concept of smart cities emerged in the 1990s. Since then, smart buildings have become a closely interconnected element of smart cities. This type of building implements Internet of Things technology and control algorithms to monitor and control their indoor environment. The aim of this paper is to develop a new stability criterion method for smart building Internet of Things (IoT) systems, subject to external disturbances. The new stability criterion is going to optimize the operation of control algorithms since this criterion does not depend on the transmission function of the control algorithm but on the data collected by the IoT system. We present a new matrix called “Laplacian IoT matrix”, containing IoT network information associated with the graph of a smart building. The proposal is supported by the results of a numerical case study.

scholarly journals Smart Building Integration into a Smart City (SBISC): Development of a New Evaluation Framework

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasa Apanaviciene ◽  
Andrius Vanagas ◽  
Paris A. Fokaides
Keyword(s):  
Smart Materials ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Smart Buildings ◽  
Smart Building ◽  
Smart Mobility ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
The City

The aim of this study is to define the features that smart buildings should fulfil in order to be compatible with the overall context of the smart city and to introduce a new evaluation framework of Smart Buildings Integration into a Smart City (SBISC). By analysing scientific literature as well as existing international and local project examples, the features of smart buildings that are expected to be adopted in smart cities were identified. The SBISC evaluation methodology was developed and applied to a set of selected projects. The literature review revealed that the smart building and smart city concepts were developed in different time frames and by different stakeholders and, thus, need to be realigned. The most important aspect is to employ in a smart building all the functionalities proposed by the smart areas of the city and vice versa by enabling the recommended features of smart materials, smart building services, and smart construction to serve for the surrounding systems. Nine office buildings representing smart building concept in different smart cities built within the period 2007–2018 with a total area from 10,000 m2 to 143,000 m2 were selected for the analysis. The research of selected projects revealed that the smart buildings have more potential to become smarter by utilizing smart cities capabilities in the areas of smart energy, smart mobility, smart life, and smart environment. Smart cities are the most prominent trend in creating a cohesive environment.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis and Optimization of a Cooperative Transmission Protocol in NOMA-Assisted Cognitive Radio Networks with Discrete Energy Harvesting

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 785
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
Ronghua Shi ◽  
Kun Tang ◽  
Jian Dong ◽  
Shaowei Liao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Cooperative Transmission ◽  
Transmission Protocol ◽  
Direct Transmission ◽  
Transmission Scheme ◽  
Secondary Systems

In this paper, we propose a spectrum-sharing protocol for a cooperative cognitive radio network based on non-orthogonal multiple access technology, where the base station (BS) transmits the superimposed signal to the primary user and secondary user with/without the assistance of a relay station (RS) by adopting the decode-and-forward technique. RS performs discrete-time energy harvesting for opportunistically cooperative transmission. If the RS harvests sufficient energy, the system performs cooperative transmission; otherwise, the system performs direct transmission. Moreover, the outage probabilities and outage capacities of both primary and secondary systems are analyzed, and the corresponding closed-form expressions are derived. In addition, one optimization problem is formulated, where our objective is to maximize the energy efficiency of the secondary system while ensuring that of the primary system exceeds or equals a threshold value. A joint optimization algorithm of power allocation at BS and RS is considered to solve the optimization problem and to realize a mutual improvement in the performance of energy efficiency for both the primary and secondary systems. The simulation results demonstrate the validity of the analysis results and prove that the proposed transmission scheme has a higher energy efficiency than the direct transmission scheme and the transmission scheme with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer technology.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document