scholarly journals Parametric Design of a Class of Full-Band Waveguide Differential Phase Shifters

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Luis Cano ◽  
Angel Mediavilla ◽  
Abdelwahed Tribak
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shift ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Parametric Design ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Phase Shifts ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Differential Phase ◽  
Arbitrary Phase ◽  
Full Band

Differential phase shifters are common circuits in communication systems where a fixed phase difference between two points within the circuit is required. Among the available technologies, waveguide phase shifters are preferred for applications such as antenna feed or beam-forming networks. Typical designs in the literature are devoted to specific phase delays such as 90° or 180°, but any phase shift might be required, and therefore a design procedure resulting in mechanically-related parameter fitting equations for any arbitrary phase difference would be advantageous. This paper presents a parametric design of full-band (40% relative bandwidth) waveguide differential phase shifters, providing polynomial equations for all design parameters in order to obtain arbitrary phase shifts between standard rectangular waveguides with equal physical lengths. The phase shift is achieved through the use of a multi-step ridge section together with a single width-step in the shift line. The proposed design procedure results in differential phase shifters with 25 dB of return loss and minimal physical length for any phase shift between 0° and 180°. To validate this parametric design process, two exemplary differential phase shifters with 30° and 140° phase shifts were measured, showing very good agreement with the simulated results.

scholarly journals Acoustic Wave Reflection Control Based on Broadband Differential Phase Shifters

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zifu Qin ◽  
Xiaohan Liu ◽  
Chu Ma
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shift ◽  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Phase Shifter ◽  
Wave Reflection ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Complex Phase ◽  
Reflected Waves ◽  
Differential Phase ◽  
Location Patterns ◽  
Working Frequency

Controlling the flow of acoustic waves has broad applications in acoustic imaging, communication, energy harvesting, audio systems, etc. Metasurfaces have been developed for wave control. In this work we propose the design of broadband differential phase shifters for acoustic reflected waves, which can achieve nearly constant phase shift values over a broad frequency ranges. We further demonstrate the design of a broadband differential π phase shifter that works in the frequency range of (10 kHz, 16 KHz) and its applications in acoustic metasurfaces for steering and focusing of reflected acoustic waves. The metasurfaces we designed have the following advantages: 1) The metasurface is formed with binary patterns instead of more complex phase discretization steps, thus the metasurface realization is less complex for fabrication and assembly. 2) The phase shift values of the two basic phase shifter elements are broadband, thus we do not need to fabricate new elements for each frequency. Rearranging the same elements into different location patterns would allow us to tune the working frequency of the metasurfaces.

scholarly journals Microwave Liquid Crystal Enabling Technology for Electronically Steerable Antennas in SATCOM and 5G Millimeter-Wave Systems

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Jakoby ◽  
Alexander Gaebler ◽  
Christian Weickhmann
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Phase Shift ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Phase Shifter ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Differential Phase Shift ◽  
Digital Architecture ◽  
Differential Phase

Future satellite platforms and 5G millimeter wave systems require Electronically Steerable Antennas (ESAs), which can be enabled by Microwave Liquid Crystal (MLC) technology. This paper reviews some fundamentals and the progress of microwave LCs concerning its performance metric, and it also reviews the MLC technology to deploy phase shifters in different topologies, starting from well-known toward innovative concepts with the newest results. Two of these phase shifter topologies are dedicated for implementation in array antennas: (1) wideband, high-performance metallic waveguide phase shifters to plug into a waveguide horn array for a relay satellite in geostationary orbit to track low Earth orbit satellites with maximum phase change rates of 5.1°/s to 45.4°/s, depending on the applied voltages, and (2) low-profile planar delay-line phase shifter stacks with very thin integrated MLC varactors for fast tuning, which are assembled into a multi-stack, flat-panel, beam-steering phased array, being able to scan the beam from −60° to +60° in about 10 ms. The loaded-line phase shifters have an insertion loss of about 3 dB at 30 GHz for a 400° differential phase shift and a figure-of-merit (FoM) > 120°/dB over a bandwidth of about 2.5 GHz. The critical switch-off response time to change the orientation of the microwave LCs from parallel to perpendicular with respect to the RF field (worst case), which corresponds to the time for 90 to 10% decay in the differential phase shift, is in the range of 30 ms for a LC layer height of about 4 µm. These MLC phase shifter stacks are fabricated in a standard Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) process for manufacturing low-cost large-scale ESAs, featuring single- and multiple-beam steering with very low power consumption, high linearity, and high power-handling capability. With a modular concept and hybrid analog/digital architecture, these smart antennas are flexible in size to meet the specific requirements for operating in satellite ground and user terminals, but also in 5G mm-wave systems.

scholarly journals STABLE AND DETERMINISTIC QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION BASED ON DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT

2009 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. 739-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
BAO-KUI ZHAO ◽  
YU-BO SHENG ◽  
FU-GUO DENG ◽  
FENG-SHOU ZHANG ◽  
HONG-YU ZHOU
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shift ◽  
Quantum Key Distribution ◽  
Key Distribution ◽  
Phase Shifts ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Differential Phase Shift ◽  
Phase Coding ◽  
Classical Information ◽  
Differential Phase

We present a stable and deterministic quantum key distribution (QKD) system based on differential phase shift. With three cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometers with different arm-length differences for creating key, its key creation efficiency can be improved to be 7/8, more than other systems. Any birefringence effects and polarization-dependent losses in the long-distance fiber are automatically compensated with a Faraday mirror. Added an eavesdropping check, this system is more secure than some other phase-coding-based QKD systems. Moreover, the classical information exchanged is reduced largely and the modulation of phase shifts is simplified. All these features make this QKD system more convenient than others in a practical application.

scholarly journals Flexible Phase Difference of 4 × 4 Butler Matrix without Phase-Shifters and Crossovers

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ke Han ◽  
Wuyu Li ◽  
Yibin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Closed Form ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Return Loss ◽  
Phase Mismatch ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Butler Matrix ◽  
Arbitrary Phase ◽  
Form Design ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Phase Differences

This paper proposes a new Butler matrix topology. The proposed Butler matrix consists of only four couplers without phase shifters and crossovers. The output phase difference is relatively flexible. Compared with the phase differences (±45° and ±135°) generated by the conventional Butler matrix, the proposed design can generate different sets of phase differences, which can be realized from −180° to 180°. The proposed new Butler matrix replaces the traditional 90° coupler with arbitrary phase-difference couplers. In this paper, closed-form design equations are derived and presented. A 4 × 4 Butler matrix with output phase differences of −30°, +150°, −120°, and +60° is designed according to equations. The 4 × 4 Butler is meant to operate at 2 GHz. The simulation results show that the amplitude unbalance is less than 0.1 dB, the phase mismatch is within 1°, the return loss is higher than 29 dB, and the isolation is higher than 32 dB.

scholarly journals A Two-Round Optimization Design Method for Aerostatic Spindles Considering the Fluid–Structure Interaction Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3017
Author(s):  
Qiang Gao ◽  
Siyu Gao ◽  
Lihua Lu ◽  
Min Zhu ◽  
Feihu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Fluid Structure Interaction ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Fluid Structure ◽  
Structure Interaction ◽  
Aerostatic Spindle

The fluid–structure interaction (FSI) effect has a significant impact on the static and dynamic performance of aerostatic spindles, which should be fully considered when developing a new product. To enhance the overall performance of aerostatic spindles, a two-round optimization design method for aerostatic spindles considering the FSI effect is proposed in this article. An aerostatic spindle is optimized to elaborate the design procedure of the proposed method. In the first-round design, the geometrical parameters of the aerostatic bearing were optimized to improve its stiffness. Then, the key structural dimension of the aerostatic spindle is optimized in the second-round design to improve the natural frequency of the spindle. Finally, optimal design parameters are acquired and experimentally verified. This research guides the optimal design of aerostatic spindles considering the FSI effect.

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