scholarly journals Optimal 3D Angle of Arrival Sensor Placement with Gaussian Priors

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1379
Author(s):  
Rongyan Zhou ◽  
Jianfeng Chen ◽  
Weijie Tan ◽  
Qingli Yan ◽  
Chang Cai
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Information Matrix ◽  
Sensor Placement ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Invariance Property ◽  
Angle Of Arrival ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Sensor Placement Optimization

Sensor placement is an important factor that may significantly affect the localization performance of a sensor network. This paper investigates the sensor placement optimization problem in three-dimensional (3D) space for angle of arrival (AOA) target localization with Gaussian priors. We first show that under the A-optimality criterion, the optimization problem can be transferred to be a diagonalizing process on the AOA-based Fisher information matrix (FIM). Secondly, we prove that the FIM follows the invariance property of the 3D rotation, and the Gaussian covariance matrix of the FIM can be diagonalized via 3D rotation. Based on this finding, an optimal sensor placement method using 3D rotation was created for when prior information exists as to the target location. Finally, several simulations were carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with the existing methods, the mean squared error (MSE) of the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation using the proposed method is lower by at least 25% when the number of sensors is between 3 and 6, while the estimation bias remains very close to zero (smaller than 0.15 m).

A multiobjective sensor placement optimization for SHM systems considering Fisher information matrix and mode shape interpolation

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 519-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Ferreira Gomes ◽  
Fabricio Alves de Almeida ◽  
Patricia da Silva Lopes Alexandrino ◽  
Sebastiao Simões da Cunha ◽  
Bruno Silva de Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fisher Information ◽  
Mode Shape ◽  
Fisher Information Matrix ◽  
Information Matrix ◽  
Sensor Placement ◽  
Placement Optimization ◽  
Sensor Placement Optimization ◽  
Shape Interpolation

scholarly journals Smooth 3D Path Planning by Means of Multiobjective Optimization for Fixed-Wing UAVs

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Samaniego ◽  
Javier Sanchis ◽  
Sergio Garcia-Nieto ◽  
Raul Simarro
Keyword(s):  
Path Planning ◽  
Multiobjective Optimization ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Control Points ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Single Solution ◽  
Constant Altitude

Demand for 3D planning and guidance algorithms is increasing due, in part, to the increase in unmanned vehicle-based applications. Traditionally, two-dimensional (2D) trajectory planning algorithms address the problem by using the approach of maintaining a constant altitude. Addressing the problem of path planning in a three-dimensional (3D) space implies more complex scenarios where maintaining altitude is not a valid approach. The work presented here implements an architecture for the generation of 3D flight paths for fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The aim is to determine the feasible flight path by minimizing the turning effort, starting from a set of control points in 3D space, including the initial and final point. The trajectory generated takes into account the rotation and elevation constraints of the UAV. From the defined control points and the movement constraints of the UAV, a path is generated that combines the union of the control points by means of a set of rectilinear segments and spherical curves. However, this design methodology means that the problem does not have a single solution; in other words, there are infinite solutions for the generation of the final path. For this reason, a multiobjective optimization problem (MOP) is proposed with the aim of independently maximizing each of the turning radii of the path. Finally, to produce a complete results visualization of the MOP and the final 3D trajectory, the architecture was implemented in a simulation with Matlab/Simulink/flightGear.

scholarly journals AOA-Based Three-Dimensional Positioning and Tracking Using the Factor Graph Technique

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1400
Author(s):  
Haiyang Zhang ◽  
Zhiwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Factor Graph ◽  
Angle Of Arrival ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Distributed Sensors ◽  
Target State ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Observation Process ◽  
Priori Information

In this paper, an angle-of-arrival (AOA)-based algorithm is proposed for tracking the position of an anonymous target in three-dimensional (3D) space. Distributed sensors are deployed, which can measure both the azimuth and elevation angles of the AOAs. Assuming the target movement is non-linear, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) is applied, where the observation process is realized by a practical AOA-based position detector, to form a unified factor graph (FG) framework. Moreover, the variance of observation errors, which is needed by EKF, is estimated in real time by using both the AOA measurements and the predicted target state. Such a dynamic estimating approach exhibits higher performance robustness compared to the conventional method, especially when the sensing environment is unstable. Additionally, the predicted target state is also used as the a priori information of the system, in order to reduce the impacts of burst sensing errors. According to the simulations, the proposed system is shown to achieve less root mean squared errors (RMSE) in different evaluation scenarios, with fast convergence behavior.

Towards Development of a Non-Touch Man-Machine Interface for Intelligent Presenter-Audience Collaborative Environment

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naren Vira ◽  
Shaleen Vira
Keyword(s):  
Target Location ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Digital Cameras ◽  
Laser Pointer ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Collaborative Environment ◽  
Large Display ◽  
Pointing Accuracy ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
Simulation Task

A novel, non-touch, screen pointing interface is proposed for the use of intelligent presenter/audience collaborative environment. The underlying methodology for detecting a virtual passive pointer is described. The passive pointer or device does not have any active energy source within it (as opposed to a laser pointer) and thus cannot easily be detected or identified. The modeling and simulation task is carried out by generating high resolution color images of a pointer viewing via two digital cameras with a popular three-dimensional (3D) computer graphics and animation program, Studio 3D Max by Discreet. These images are then retrieved for analysis into a Microsoft’s Visual C++ program developed based on the theory of image triangulation. The program outputs a precise coordinates of the pointer in the 3D space in addition to its projection on a view screen located in a large display/presentation room. The computational results of the pointer projection are compared with known locations specified by Studio 3D Max for different simulated configurations. High pointing accuracy is achieved: a pointer kept 30 feet away correctly hits the target location within a few inches. Thus, this technology is useful in a large setting where presenter-audience collaborative applications are needed.

scholarly journals Observability Study on Passive Target Localization by Conic–Angle Measurements

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6439
Author(s):  
Taeil Suh ◽  
Woochan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Linear Array ◽  
Information Matrix ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Target Localization ◽  
Localization System ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Angle Measurements ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Target States ◽  
System Observability

Information from a passive linear array sensor is related to the conic angle formed by a target and the sensor in three-dimensional (3D) space so that the target localization system using the sensor should be also designed in 3D space. This paper presents an observability study of a passive target localization system created using conic angle information. The study includes the analysis of the sensor maneuver requirement needed to achieve system observability and simulations to demonstrate the results of the analytic scheme. The proposed sensor maneuver requirements satisfy the system observability conditions by using the local linearization approach of the Fisher information matrix. It is also shown that this requirement can be mitigated for special cases in which the depth difference between the sensor and the target is given. Using the simulation, it is shown that sensors following the proposed scheme are able to obtain meaningful information that can be used to estimate 3D target states.

scholarly journals Design, Fabrication, and Testing of a Novel 3D 3-Fingered Electrothermal Microgripper with Multiple Degrees of Freedom

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 444
Author(s):  
Guoning Si ◽  
Liangying Sun ◽  
Zhuo Zhang ◽  
Xuping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polyimide Film ◽  
Zebrafish Embryos ◽  
Multiple Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Electrothermal Actuator ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Pick And Place

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and testing of a novel three-dimensional (3D) three-fingered electrothermal microgripper with multiple degrees of freedom (multi DOFs). Each finger of the microgripper is composed of a V-shaped electrothermal actuator providing one DOF, and a 3D U-shaped electrothermal actuator offering two DOFs in the plane perpendicular to the movement of the V-shaped actuator. As a result, each finger possesses 3D mobilities with three DOFs. Each beam of the actuators is heated externally with the polyimide film. The durability of the polyimide film is tested under different voltages. The static and dynamic properties of the finger are also tested. Experiments show that not only can the microgripper pick and place microobjects, such as micro balls and even highly deformable zebrafish embryos, but can also rotate them in 3D space.

A biomimetic 3D airflow sensor made of an array of two piezoelectric metal-core fibers

Sensor Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yixiang Bian ◽  
Can He ◽  
Kaixuan Sun ◽  
Longchao Dai ◽  
Hui Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Spherical Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Piezoceramic Cylinder ◽  
Metal Core ◽  
Content Type ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Airflow Sensor

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to design and fabricate a three-dimensional (3D) bionic airflow sensing array made of two multi-electrode piezoelectric metal-core fibers (MPMFs), inspired by the structure of a cricket’s highly sensitive airflow receptor (consisting of two cerci). Design/methodology/approach A metal core was positioned at the center of an MPMF and surrounded by a hollow piezoceramic cylinder. Four thin metal films were spray-coated symmetrically on the surface of the fiber that could be used as two pairs of sensor electrodes. Findings In 3D space, four output signals of the two MPMFs arrays can form three “8”-shaped spheres. Similarly, the sensing signals for the same airflow are located on a spherical surface. Originality/value Two MPMF arrays are sufficient to detect the speed and direction of airflow in all three dimensions.

Health monitoring sensor placement optimization based on initial sensor layout using improved partheno-genetic algorithm

2020 ◽  
pp. 136943322094719
Author(s):  
Xianrong Qin ◽  
Pengming Zhan ◽  
Chuanqiang Yu ◽  
Qing Zhang ◽  
Yuantao Sun
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Sensor Placement ◽  
Placement Problem ◽  
Optimal Sensor Placement ◽  
Placement Optimization ◽  
Sensor Placement Optimization ◽  
Sensor Locations

Optimal sensor placement is an important component of a reliability structural health monitoring system for a large-scale complex structure. However, the current research mainly focuses on optimizing sensor placement problem for structures without any initial sensor layout. In some cases, the experienced engineers will first determine the key position of whole structure must place sensors, that is, initial sensor layout. Moreover, current genetic algorithm or partheno-genetic algorithm will change the position of the initial sensor locations in the iterative process, so it is unadaptable for optimal sensor placement problem based on initial sensor layout. In this article, an optimal sensor placement method based on initial sensor layout using improved partheno-genetic algorithm is proposed. First, some improved genetic operations of partheno-genetic algorithm for sensor placement optimization with initial sensor layout are presented, such as segmented swap, reverse and insert operator to avoid the change of initial sensor locations. Then, the objective function for optimal sensor placement problem is presented based on modal assurance criterion, modal energy criterion, and sensor placement cost. At last, the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method are validated by a numerical example of a quayside container crane. Furthermore, the sensor placement result with the proposed method is better than that with effective independence method without initial sensor layout and the traditional partheno-genetic algorithm.

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