scholarly journals Chemical and Mechanical Aspect of Entropy-Exergy Relationship

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 972
Author(s):  
Pierfrancesco Palazzo
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Cycle ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Energy Transduction ◽  
Industrial Engineering ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Internal System ◽  
Chemical Exergy ◽  
Chemical Cycle ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The present research focuses the chemical aspect of entropy and exergy properties. This research represents the complement of a previous treatise already published and constitutes a set of concepts and definitions relating to the entropy–exergy relationship overarching thermal, chemical and mechanical aspects. The extended perspective here proposed aims at embracing physical and chemical disciplines, describing macroscopic or microscopic systems characterized in the domain of industrial engineering and biotechnologies. The definition of chemical exergy, based on the Carnot chemical cycle, is complementary to the definition of thermal exergy expressed by means of the Carnot thermal cycle. These properties further prove that the mechanical exergy is an additional contribution to the generalized exergy to be accounted for in any equilibrium or non-equilibrium phenomena. The objective is to evaluate all interactions between the internal system and external environment, as well as performances in energy transduction processes.

A Unifying Principle for a Researcher Learning Safety: Reduce Uncertainty!

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Kao ◽  
Russell Furr
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Mission Statement ◽  
Safety Information ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Mission Statements ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Conveying safety information to researchers is challenging. A list of rules and best practices often is not remembered thoroughly even by individuals who want to remember everything. Researchers in science thinking according to principles: mathematical, physical, and chemical laws; biological paradigms. They use frameworks and logic, rather than memorization, to achieve the bulk of their work. Can safety be taught to researchers in a manner that matches with how they are trained to think? Is there a principle more defined than "Think safety!" that can help researchers make good decisions in situations that are complex, new, and demanding?<div><br></div><div>Effective trainings in other professions can arise from the use of a mission statement that participants internalize as a mental framework or model for future decision-making. We propose that mission statements incorporating the concept of <b>reducing uncertainty</b> could provide such a framework for learning safety. This essay briefly explains the definition of <b>uncertainty</b> in the context of health and safety, discusses the need for an individual to <b>personalize</b> a mission statement in order to internalize it, and connects the idea of <b>greater control</b> over a situation with less uncertainty with respect to safety. The principle of reducing uncertainty might also help <b>non-researchers</b> think about safety. People from all walks of life should be able to understand that more control over their situations provides more protection for them, their colleagues, and the environment.</div>

scholarly journals Characterization of Spent Ni-MH Batteries

2012 ◽  
Vol 730-732 ◽  
pp. 569-574
Author(s):  
Marta Cabral ◽  
Fernanda Margarido ◽  
Carlos A. Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Leaching Experiments ◽  
Plastic Components ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Spent Ni-MH batteries are not considered too dangerous for the environment, but they have a considerable economical value due to the chemical composition of electrodes which are highly concentrated in metals. The present work aimed at the physical and chemical characterisation of spent cylindrical and thin prismatic Ni-MH batteries, contributing for a better definition of the recycling process of these spent products. The electrode materials correspond to more than 50% of the batteries weight and contain essentially nickel and rare earths (RE), and other secondary elements (Co, Mn, Al). The remaining components are the steel parts from the external case and supporting grids (near 30%) containing Fe and Ni, and the plastic components (<10%). Elemental quantitative analysis showed that the electrodes are highly concentrated in metals. Phase identification by X-ray powder diffraction combined with chemical analysis and leaching experiments allowed advancing the electrode materials composition. The cathode is essentially constituted by 6% metallic Ni, 66% Ni(OH)2, 4.3% Co(OH)2 and the anode consists mainly in 62% RENi5 and 17% of substitutes and/or additives such as Co, Mn and Al.

THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF LEAF SURFACES PRESERVED IN PEAT

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Stewart ◽  
Edward A. C. Follett
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Calluna Vulgaris ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
Peat Deposits ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Peat Formation ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Cuticular Surface

Phragmites communis, Eriophorum vaginatum, Calluna vulgaris, and Sphagnum palustre are representative of plants whose remains are frequently encountered in Scottish peat deposits. The effects of preservation in peat on the surface features of their leaves were followed by electron microscopy. Wax projections were observed on the surfaces of mature living leaves of Phragmites and Eriophorum but not on Calluna or Sphagnum. Details of cell wall outlines and stomata (or pores) were clearly defined in Phragmites, Eriophorum, and Sphagnum, but obscured in Calluna. The previous year's leaves differed by displaying a general absence of wax projections, an erosion of the cuticular surface, which took the form of either a loss in definition of the cell wall outlines or a definite etching of the surface, and the presence of numerous microorganisms. The surface features of preserved leaves exhibited to a greater degree this erosion of cell wall outline and cuticular surface. This preliminary study has indicated that major alterations in the submicroscopic features of cuticularized leaf surfaces occur at the leaf litter stage. The primary agents responsible for this degradation would appear to be microorganisms in conjunction with the physical and chemical processes of peat formation.

scholarly journals Emergency: definitions, problems and solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
V.P. Мiroshnychenko
Keyword(s):  
External Environment ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

Emergency situations constantly accompany the external environment and society bringing major material losses and human casualties. The definitions and general patterns for the development of emergency situations and their role in accidents and disasters were discussed. Actually, there is no single concept in the definition of an emergency. Based on the ana-lysis, the content of the subject was formulated: an emergency is a state of natural and anthropogenic activity in the external environment and society. The mechanism of the emergency situation development is presented. The reason for changing the normative definition of the concept of emergency situation has been substantiated.

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE ENTERPRISE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ALTAIR + LLC)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (87) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonid Katranzhy ◽  
◽  
Kateryna Novik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Important System

The theoretical bases of essence of management of financial and economic safety of the enterprise are investigated. It is noted that in the scientific literature there is a huge number of opinions on the essence of the concept of financial and economic security, which is quite new in domestic economics. It is established that financial and economic security is an important system for ensuring the resilience of the enterprise to the changing external environment, and therefore consists of many effectively interconnected elements. The high level of financial and economic security of the enterprise is due only to a well-thought-out concept that operates at a particular enterprise and includes means, measures and methods to ensure financial stability and economic development of the enterprise. The process of managing the financial and economic security of the enterprise is divided into several successive stages: clear definition of the interests of the enterprise, forecasting possible threats, assessing the level of financial and economic security of the enterprise and comparing it with the normative, budgeting of financial and economic security, feedback in the implementation of measures by adjusting them. It is revealed that the integrated approach in the assessment of the level of financial and economic security of the enterprise is the most acceptable for domestic enterprises due to the coverage of a large number of important performance indicators in one integrated indicator. We have improved the method of assessing the level of financial and economic security of the enterprise, proposed by scientists N.V. Bondarchuk and M. Humenchuk, in accordance with the specifics of the activities of Altair + LLC. Along with the financial gaps, which these scientists propose to analyze in the process of assessing the financial and economic security of the enterprise, we proposed to analyze the technical, organizational, personnel and integration characteristics. It has been proved that the improved methodology is effective and allows to objectively assess the financial and economic security of Altair + LLC, as well as to identify reserves for improving the company.

Mission of the Territory: How to Develop It and is it Needed at All?

2020 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 126-135
Author(s):  
Anna A. Voloshinskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Mission Statement ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Practical Recommendations

There is no generally accepted definition of a territory’s mission either in Russia or abroad. So is it worth including a mission in the strategy of socio-economic development of a territory and what definition of the mission is better to choose? To answer these questions, a content analysis of Russian and foreign definitions of the territory's mission has been carried out, from which common units of meaning were identified. It was established that a number of semantic units in definitions of the territory's mission and the mission of organization coincide. However, from the point of view of the mission statement, there are a number of significant differences between a territory and an organization, which makes some definitions of the territory’s mission hardly applicable in practice. Conclusion is made: it is better to define the territory's mission through its role in the external environment, functions and unique features of the territory. The article examines advantages and disadvantages of alternative options: not to develop a mission at all or to develop it in a purely formal way. Practical recommendations on developing a territory mission, examples from Russian and foreign experience are given.

Definition of a Protocol for Implementing Lean Production Methodology in Textile and Clothing Case Studies

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Costa Maia ◽  
Anabela Carvalho Alves ◽  
Celina P. Leão
Keyword(s):  
Work Environment ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Lean Production ◽  
Doctoral Program ◽  
Industrial Engineering ◽  
Clothing Industry ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
National Framework

This paper presents a protocol used in case studies with the objective to validate a Lean Production methodology in Textile and Clothing Industry (TCI) in North of Portugal. The methodology was developed under a Doctoral Program on Industrial Engineering and Systems. During the development of the methodology, the TCI contextualization was studied in parallel with the development of a survey applied to the TCI companies. The development of the methodology (structured in three phases) was followed by its validation in case studies. Thus, this paper objective is to describe and explain the case study designed and conducted to attain feedback from companies. These case studies demanded a protocol constituted by an overview of the project, the field procedures (meetings and visits, interviews, questionnaires and checklist form), the preliminary questions of the project and the guide for the reports from the case studies. From the field procedures, the interviews was the first instrument used and it allowed the identification of the needs of change, the workers and management role in this change, the expected and achieved results. These preliminary results are presented in this paper. The questionnaire, adapted from others studies, would be used for a better context in the national framework and it would be applied in a following phase as the checklist. It will enable the data and metrics collection related with several aspects, namely work ergonomic conditions. This protocol will allow the knowledge of the work environment for a good implementation of the Lean Production.

scholarly journals Preparation of Physical and Chemical and Thermodynamic Properties of Aluminum Alloys-Cerium

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-07 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Razazi ◽  
R. N. Amini ◽  
B. B. Eshov ◽  
A. B. Badalov
Keyword(s):  
Intermetallic Compounds ◽  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Enthalpy Of Formation ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Enthalpy Of Dissolution ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Chemical Cycle ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Maximal Stability

Chemical compositions, microstructure and hardness of alloys and Al - Ce intermetallic compounds have been studied. The method of calorimetry solution determined the enthalpy of dissolution. Enthalpy of formation of intermetallic compounds In thermo chemical cycle has been calculated. It was revealed the regularity of their changes depending on the composition. Melting temperature of intermetallic compounds of the system has been specified by Semi empirical method. It has defined the specified set pattern in the changes on melting temperature and enthalpy of formation of IM on the concentration of Maximal stability in the composition of Al2Se.

scholarly journals Functional analysis of the insurance system

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Liudmyla VOITOVYCH
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Insurance System ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Mutual Insurance ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Definition Of

Introduction. A holistic view of the nature and functions of the insurance system and the possibility of its application in economic processes made it possible to analyze general scientific approaches to understanding the insurance system. The purpose of the paper is to study the main functions of the insurance system and identify the characteristics that shape its content. Results. The insurance system is a complex form of insurance protection in the country, which includes a set of elements that are internally connected, interact with the external environment, and represent a single whole, the properties of which differ from the properties of individual elements. According to the short definition, we consider the insurance system as a set of elements united by internal and external relations, which are a single whole, and within a certain historical period are in a certain relationship with each other. The full definition of the insurance system emphasizes the essence of this concept, taking into account the main features and functions, so in a broad sense, the definition of the insurance system acquires a detailed form and content, by which we propose to understand a set of insurance and reinsurance companies, insurance and reinsurance pools, insurance associations, companies mutual insurance, branches of non-resident insurers and professional risk and loss assessors, which are a single entity and within a certain historical period are in a certain relationship with each other and with the external environment to promote insurance protection. We propose to highlight the main functions of the insurance system: protective, preventive, analytical, incentive, adaptive, social. Conclusion. The analysis shows that the insurance system is a risky combination of entities that provide services for insurance protection of property interests of legal entities and individuals to make a profit or achieve socio-economic results.

scholarly journals Calculation of water balance China Lake (between 2008-2014)

2017 ◽  
pp. 196-201
Author(s):  
Zh.R. Shakirzanova ◽  
Y.S. Medvedeva ◽  
M.D. Yaneva
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Hydraulic Characteristics ◽  
Salt Balance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Economic Use ◽  
Lake Water Balance ◽  
China Lake

Introduction. The main characteristic of  hydrometeorological mode of China Lake, is the water balance of inland waters, defined process flow and water flow. Based on the water balance is determined by water exchange, physical and chemical processes in reservoirs and estimated effects of measures aimed at possible economic use of water resources. Purpose. The aim is analyze of physical - geographic, morphometric, hydrological, hydraulic characteristics of China Lake and the rivers that feed them; calculation of the components of the water balance of the lake China (in 2008-2014) and determine the water balance of residuals. Methods. In the analysis of available materials observations known statistical methods used; in determining the unknown components of water balance - similar hydrological methods and operating regulations. Results. Receipt of lake water balance China (2008-2014) in the largest extent determine precipitation on the water surface of the lake (from 17 to 77%), while expenditure is the highest percentage of evaporation from 38,7 to 86,1%. The greatest value of residuals observed in the summer months, received their size residuals are found within the acceptable. Conclusion. The authenticity of the definition of the components of the water balance of the lake. China will also be checked accuracy of the values of salinity of water in the reservoir as a result of payments salt balance.

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