scholarly journals Research on the Longitudinal Section of River Restoration Using Probabilistic Theory

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 965
Author(s):  
Yeon-Moon Choo ◽  
Ji-Min Kim ◽  
Ik-Tae An
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
River Restoration ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Entropy Theory ◽  
Informational Entropy ◽  
Nonlinear Regression Analysis ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Velocity Changes ◽  
The 1960S

Since the 1960s, many rivers have been destroyed as a consequence of the process of rapid urbanization. As accurate figures are important to repair rivers, there have been many research reports on methods to obtain the exact river slope and elevation. Until now, many research efforts have analyzed the river using measured river topographic factors, but when the flow velocity changes rapidly, such as during a flood, surveying is not easy; and due to cost, frequent measurements are difficult. Previous research has focused on the cross section of the river, so the information on the river longitudinal profile is insufficient. In this research, using informational entropy theory, equations are presented that can calculate the average river slope, river slope, and river longitudinal elevation for a river basin in real time. The applicability was analyzed through a comparison with the measured data of river characteristic factors obtained from the river plan. The parameters were calculated using informational entropy theory and nonlinear regression analysis using actual data, and then the longitudinal elevation entropy equation for each river and the average river slope were calculated. As a result of analyzing the applicability of the equations presented in this study by R2 and Root Mean Square Error, all R2 values were over 0.80, while RMSE values were analyzed to be between 0.54 and 2.79. Valid results can be obtained by calculating river characteristic factors.

Preparation of a Hydroxyapatite Ceramic with Comblike Tubules Structure and its Permeablity

2018 ◽  
Vol 768 ◽  
pp. 135-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Yi Zhao ◽  
Xiao Peng Li ◽  
Kang Zhao ◽  
Yu Fei Tang
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Hydroxyapatite Ceramic ◽  
Porous Hydroxyapatite ◽  
Dentin Tubule ◽  
Hydroxyapatite Powder ◽  
Hydroxyapatite Ceramics ◽  
Porous Hydroxyapatite Ceramic ◽  
C 30

The objectives of this study are to prepare a porous hydroxyapatite ceramic which has dentin tubule-like structure and determine its permeability. Slurry of hydroxyapatite powder, deionized water and a binder was poured into a ring which was placed on a freezing plate.The hydroxyapatite slurry was freezed in a certain rate (by controlling the temperature of the freeze plate at −15°C, −30°C and −45°C) for a certain period of time, then the freezed sample was freezing dried to remove the frozen vehicle, followed by being sintered at 1250 °C for 2 h. After that，the morphology of the cross section and longitudinal section of the sintered porous hydroxyapatite ceramic was observed by SEM and the hydraulic conductance of cross section discs of the sintered porous hydroxyapatite were determined using a self-made micro-flowing permeability tester. Results showed that the prepared hydroxyapatite ceramics having bottom-up unidirectional comblike tubule structure and the tubule diameters associated with the temperature of freezing plate.The ceramic discs prepared on the freezing plate of −45°C exhibited similarity to nature dentin tubule, with a diameter of 9.72±3.41mm and a hydraulic conductance of 0.16±0.09 ml×min-1×cm-2×cm×H2O-1.

Something Has Changed

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-192
Author(s):  
Jack Reid
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Personal Safety ◽  
Conservative Movement ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Ride Sharing ◽  
National Values ◽  
The 1960S

The epilogue summarizes key arguments in the book and reflects on ideas about ride solicitation in contemporary society—noting the intersections between hitchhiking and modern ride-sharing apps like Uber and Lyft. Hitchhiking was common for decades in the United States, because it complimented the transportation needs of a cross-section of Americans while also meshing with the nation’s values—whether it be during the Great Depression, World War II, or the “hitchhiking renaissance” of the 1960s and ‘70s. The practice lost traction when thumbing rides fell out of touch with national values amid the rise of the conservative movement, increasing transportation regimentation, and growing concerns for personal safety.

Effect Review of the Strengthening Technique by Use of the External Prestressing

2011 ◽  
Vol 121-126 ◽  
pp. 3258-3262
Author(s):  
Long Sheng Bao ◽  
Dan Yang ◽  
Ling Yu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Prestressed Concrete ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Construction Monitoring ◽  
External Prestressing ◽  
Monitoring Result ◽  
Strengthening Technique

The grand bridge of Fu Feng is prestressed concrete cross-section continuous girder, which is reinforced with external prestressing. Construction monitoring is based on the measured data, and using the finite element method to calculate, it need to analyze the control of the stress and deflection in the construction to ensure to make the construction could be completed on schedule and to reach an ideal type. The field monitoring result indicates that the type of bridge did improve and reach the requirement of design after reinforcement.

scholarly journals Stem borer insects on Hopea odorata in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
NOOR FARIKHAH HANEDA ◽  
Mulia Furqon ◽  
Muhammad Suheri
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
West Java ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Tenebrionid Beetle ◽  
Hopea Odorata ◽  
Tree Stem

Abstract. Haneda NF, Furqan M, Suheri M. 2020. Stem borer insects on Hopea odorata in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5308-5316. Hopea odorata Roxb. locally known as “merawan”, is a dipterocarp species that has the potentials to be developed for plantation forestry. Nonetheless, anecdotal evidence in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, suggested that the trees suffered serious attacks caused by stem borer insects, causing defoliation of the crown and leading to stunted growth and death. This phenomenon suggests a more systematic investigation. The objectives of this research were: (i) to identify the species of stem borer which attacked H. odorata; (ii) to investigate the types and forms of the damage of H. odorata tree due to stem borer attack; and (iii) to study the effects of stem borer attack on the tree and wood of H. odorata. The results showed that all species of stem borer insects belong to Coleoptera, namely as Xyleborus perforans (Scolytidae), Xyleborinus perexiguus (Scolytidae), Platypus parallelus (Platypodidae), Belionota prasina (Buprestidae), Curculionid beetle, and Tenebrionid beetle. The number of boring holes on a single tree was 1932 holes, of which 98.6% caused by ambrosia beetles: Xyleborus perforans (1426 holes, 73.8%), Xyleborinus perexiguus (457 holes, 23.7%), and Platypus parallelus (21 holes, 1.1%). The length of boring tunnel at cross-section ranged between 2-35 cm and at longitudinal section ranged between 4-6 cm. The number of boring holes decreased along with the increasing height of tree stem. The patterns of boring tunnel at stem cross-section were branching (X. perforans, P. parallelus); encircled (X. perforans), black stains along their wall (X. perexiguus, X. perforans, P. parallelus).

scholarly journals Ranosrednjovjekovni nalazi iz hrvatskog podmorja

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdenko Brusić
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
Triangular Cross Section ◽  
The 1960S

I will use the opportunity in the fourth number of the Archaeologia Adriatica journal which is dedicated to my friend and colleague J. Belošević to pay attention to the finds which were found at the sea bottom as a consequence of various shipwrecks or as discarded or lost objects in the Early Middle Ages period when Croatian state developed and existed. Monuments from this period belong to rich scope of the study and research of my colleague J. Belošević. In this case by underwater finds I refer to a specific category of monuments that I have already written about, and which can be dated to the mentioned period on the basis of analogies. Namely these are amphorae which exhibit considerable differences regarding their size, i.e. capacity from the earlier types dated from the 5th to 7th centuries. These Byzantine amphorae, as they are usually referred to, have characteristic massive handles which are usually higher than the vessel's opening whereas base of the amphora is oval in shape, without pointed end characteristic of the earlier amphorae. Forms are usually piriform or ovoid, and their height usually does not exceed 40 cm. Remains of a shipwreck with amphorae of this type were discovered near the island of Mljet in the mid-1970s and the site had already been devastated. I discovered another site with the remains of the Byzantine amphorae and some other objects in the sea in front of the Ždrijac site in the vicinity of Nin when I was working as a curator of a regional archaeological collection in Nin in the 1960s. Byzantine amphorae were also found in 1995 in the Bay of Pijan in Savudrija where rescue underwater archaeological excavations of an important ancient port near Aquileia were undertaken due to building and extending a quay. Great part of the remaining amphorae which I present in this paper are older finds without exact data about the findspot and circumstances of discovery, such as the upper segment of an amphora from Umag or an oblong amphora with large handles which are significantly higher than its opening from Poreč (presently in the Regional Museum in Poreč). Three almost identical amphorae have piriform bodies and massive handles with a triangular cross-section which are higher than the amphora's opening. One of them was found near the island of Žut long time ago, presently it is in the Šibenik City Museum, the second was taken out of the sea in a fishing net between the islands of Silba and Olib, and the third one is from the Trogir port. There are several more amphorae corresponding to these finds: upper segment of an amphora from Ždrijac in Nin and two somewhat larger amphorae, one of which was found near the island of Ošljak near Zadar long ago (presently in the Archaeological Museum in Zadar) and the other from the Kovačić collection on the island of Hvar. A larger segment of a smaller oblong amphora of the similar shape was found in the 1970s near the island of Vela Arta near Murter. An upper segment of an amphora with a distinct neck and opening and large massive handles with triangular cross-section was found in the sea near the cape of Gospa od Gradine in Rogoznica, presently also in the Šibenik City Museum. We also need to mention finds from the port of Hvar found in 1991 and amphorae from the churches of St. Michael in Ston, St. George on the island of Vis and St. Barbara in Trogir. Underwater explorations along the Asia Minor coastline and in the Black Sea brought to light similar examples of amphorae on the basis of which N. Günsenin and Ch. Bakirtzis created a chronology, classifying them into several types dated from the 9th to 13th centuries. For an amphora from the collection of the Franciscan Monastery on the island of Krapanj we can find closer analogies, and probably also production centers on Peloponnesus. Without individual analysis of each of our amphorae, we can easily notice difference in the height of the handles which are often higher than the amphora's opening. Other evident differences include size and forms of amphorae as well as their diversity in relation to amphorae from the same period found in Turkish/Pontic region and the remaing part of the Balkans. These insights about the typological differences between our amphorae and the aforementioned ones in the Asia Minor region open up possibilities for hypothesizing about other, possibly local workshop centers in the area of today's Albanian littoral or the rest of the eastern Adriatic coast. All together, our coast shows the most impressive picture of maritime trade in the early medieval period on the basis of density of finds of the mentioned amphorae. Trade with glass products was also present in this period along our coast as indicated by the remains of a shipwreck near Cape Stoba on the island of Mljet where a certain amount of glass sets was found together with amphorae. Some of complete glass items found on a shipwreck near Serçe Limani can be related to some finds from the terrestrial sites on the basis of analogies, such as a glass flask from the grave (no. 322) at the great necropolis from Ždrijac in Nin which can be related to the workshop centres of the eastern Mediterranean since similar flask was found on the shipwreck from Serçe Limani in Turkey.

scholarly journals Influences of Spillway Section Morphologies on Landslide Dam Breaching

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Yang ◽  
Qiming Zhong ◽  
Shengyao Mei ◽  
Yibo Shan
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Landslide Dam ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Dam Breach ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Dam Breaching ◽  
Bottom Width ◽  
The Cross

Spillway excavation is often adopted as a precautionary engineering measure for disaster mitigation before landslide dam breaching. Based on the landslide dam breach mechanisms, this paper focuses on developing a numerical model to comprehensively discuss the issue based on three documented landslide dam failures, such as Tangjiashan, Xiaogangjian, and Baige landslide dams. The spillway cross section morphologies were modeled with different sizes under common shape (i.e., an inverted trapezoid) and slope conditions. The influence of cross section on dam breach processes was analyzed under conditions of different depth, bottom width, slope ratio in the cross and longitudinal sections, with/without spillway. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1) excavation of a spillway can effectively reduce the peak breach flow, therefore delay the time to peak; 2) the peak breach flow dramatically decreases and the time to peak delays as the spillway depth increases; 3) the peak breach flow changes little and the time to peak occurs earlier with the increment in spillway bottom width; 4) the peak breach flow decreases and the time to peak delays with the decrease of slope ratio in cross section in the spillway; 5) the slope ratio in the longitudinal section has little influence on the breach process. Hence, if conditions permit, the spillway with large spillway depth, small bottom width, and gentle slope ratio in the cross section is the preferable section morphology for the emergency disposal of the landslide dam.

scholarly journals Relationship of shear wave elastography anisotropy with tumor stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoling Leng ◽  
Rexida Japaer ◽  
Haijian Zhang ◽  
Mila Yeerlan ◽  
Fucheng Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Background This study is to examine the feasibility of shear wave elastography (SWE) anisotropy in assessing the prognosis of breast cancer. Methods We enrolled 119 breast cancer patients from January 2017 to October 2019. SWE was performed before operation. Emax (maximum elasticity value), Emean (average elasticity value), Esd (standard deviation of the lesion elasticity value), Eratio (elasticity value of adipose tissue), anisotropy coefficient and difference were recorded. After operation, we collected clinical pathological data, and performed immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR tests on CD44, CD24, E-cadherin, β-catenin, vimentin and N-cadherin. Finally, we analyzed the correlation among parameters of SWE, anisotropy and clinicopathology, and markers of CSCs (cancer stem cells) and EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition). Results Emax, Emean and Esd of the cross section were higher than those of the longitudinal section. Breast cancer with a higher elastic modulus was often accompanied by a hyperechoic halo, which was manifested as mixed echo and post-echo attenuation, and was accompanied by a higher BI-RADS (breast imaging reporting and data system) classification. When breast cancer had hyperechoic halo and weakened posterior echo, SWE of the lesion showed more obvious anisotropy. In addition, larger diameter of the longitudinal section indicated higher stiffness of the cross section. Correlation analysis showed that E-cadherin was negatively correlated with SWE in longitudinal section. CD44, N-cadherin, β-catenin were positively correlated with SWE in longitudinal and cross sections. Vimentin and CD24 had no correlation with SWE parameters. Conclusion SWE of breast cancer is anisotropic. The cross-sectional SWE is better than the longitudinal SWE, Emax is better than Emean, the anisotropy of SWE is better than SWE, and the anisotropy factor is better than the anisotropy difference.

Effects of Processing Technic on Grain Size of Copper Clad Steel Wire

2012 ◽  
Vol 567 ◽  
pp. 116-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Mei Wu ◽  
De Qing Wang ◽  
Yang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Annealing Time ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Strip Shape ◽  
Clad Steel

The method adopted to manufacture copper clad steel wire in this study is cladding and welding and then drawing and annealing it. The effect of drawing deformation and annealing treatment on the grain size of α-Fe phase were studied. Experimental results show that the grain sizeα in cross section of α-Fe phase is decreased with the increase of the drawing deformation. Grains of the longitudinal section are elongated toward the drawing direction and appeared a strip shape. The grain size in cross-section of α-Fe phase is enhanced with the increase of the annealing time and annealing temperature, its length diameter ratio in longitudinal section is decreased oppositely. The grain size in cross section and length diameter ratio in longitudinal section are almost invariant in 850 °C for 2 h, the grain in longitudinal section tends to be equiaxial, the recrystallization processes is thus finished at this moment. Through the experimental data analysis, the regression equation about the relation of annealing temperature and annealing time of CCS with the grain size in cross section and length diameter ratio in longitudinal section are obtained.

Modified Shielding Jet Model for Twin-Jet Shielding Analysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-426
Author(s):  
C. H. Gerhold ◽  
J. Gilbride
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Slug Flow ◽  
Noise Source ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Realistic Model ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Air Jet ◽  
Constant Radius ◽  
Flow Approximation ◽  
Subsonic Jet

An analytical model to estimate the shielding of noise emitted from a point noise source has been developed assuming the shielding jet to be a cylinder of constant radius with uniform flow across the cross section. Comparison to experiment indicated that the model overestimates diffraction of sound around the jet in the far downstream region. The shielding jet model is modified to include widening downstream of the nozzle exit. This not only represents a more realistic model of the jet, but is also expected to improve the shielding estimate downstream. The modified jet model incorporates a Mach number dependent widening rate, a corresponding decrease in flow velocity downstream and an equivalent slug flow evaluation to retain the locally parallel flow approximation of the model development. The shielding analysis with modified jet model is compared to measured data for a subsonic isothermal air jet and a simulated hot subsonic jet. Improvement of the shielding estimate is discussed.

scholarly journals Pipes Construction Based on the Pipes' Centre Curve Shapes

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Kusno
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
Polar Coordinates ◽  
Short Segment ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Functions ◽  
Volume Fluctuations ◽  
Unit Vectors ◽  
Short Tube ◽  
Tangent Vectors

Parts of pipeline need a long piece, a short segment, and various inflate-deflate models. They require as well the thickness and curvature of the pipes. The objective of this paper is to obtain some formulas for modeling the long pipe, the short tube, and various inflate-deflate pipe patches. Relating to the purposes, we use their cross-section, longitudinal section, and center curves of the pipe parts. The methods are, the using of the polar coordinates and of the real functions, to define the cross and longitudinal section of the pipe patches, respectively. Then, we calculate three orthonormal vectors that are determined by the tangent vectors of the pipe center curves and two unit vectors that are perpendicular to the tangent vectors. After that, we evaluate the formulas to model the long pipes and the short pipes, both inflate-deflate and thickness shapes. The results show that, using its center curves of the pipe, it is handy to design the long and short pipes, multiple thicknesses, various volume fluctuations of the pipes, and useful to model the inflate-deflate pipe parts.

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