scholarly journals Energy Renewal: Isothermal Utilization of Environmental Heat Energy with Asymmetric Structures

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 665
Author(s):  
James Weifu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Entropy Change ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Type B ◽  
Asymmetric Structures ◽  
Localized Protons

Through the research presented herein, it is quite clear that there are two thermodynamically distinct types (A and B) of energetic processes naturally occurring on Earth. Type A, such as glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, apparently follows the second law well; Type B, as exemplified by the thermotrophic function with transmembrane electrostatically localized protons presented here, does not necessarily have to be constrained by the second law, owing to its special asymmetric function. This study now, for the first time, numerically shows that transmembrane electrostatic proton localization (Type-B process) represents a negative entropy event with a local protonic entropy change (ΔSL) in a range from −95 to −110 J/K∙mol. This explains the relationship between both the local protonic entropy change (ΔSL) and the mitochondrial environmental temperature (T) and the local protonic Gibbs free energy (ΔGL=TΔSL) in isothermal environmental heat utilization. The energy efficiency for the utilization of total protonic Gibbs free energy (ΔGT including ΔGL=TΔSL) in driving the synthesis of ATP is estimated to be about 60%, indicating that a significant fraction of the environmental heat energy associated with the thermal motion kinetic energy (kBT) of transmembrane electrostatically localized protons is locked into the chemical form of energy in ATP molecules. Fundamentally, it is the combination of water as a protonic conductor, and thus the formation of protonic membrane capacitor, with asymmetric structures of mitochondrial membrane and cristae that makes this amazing thermotrophic feature possible. The discovery of energy Type-B processes has inspired an invention (WO 2019/136037 A1) for energy renewal through isothermal environmental heat energy utilization with an asymmetric electron-gated function to generate electricity, which has the potential to power electronic devices forever, including mobile phones and laptops. This invention, as an innovative Type-B mimic, may have many possible industrial applications and is likely to be transformative in energy science and technologies for sustainability on Earth.

Theoretical Thermodynamic Analysis and Phase Analysis of AZ91D/Flyash Composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 788 ◽  
pp. 604-607
Author(s):  
Hong Chao Chu ◽  
Si Rong Yu ◽  
Cui Xiang Wang ◽  
Qi Lou
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Minimum Principle ◽  
Solution Treatment ◽  
Entropy Change ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Free Energy Change ◽  
Energy Change ◽  
Solution Treatment Temperature ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy Change

The thermodynamic calculation is valuable for judging the feasibility of a reaction. In the present paper, the enthalpy change (∆HR), entropy change (∆SR) and Gibbs free energy change (∆GR) among various components in AZ91D Mg alloy-Cenosphere composites (FAC/AZ91D) were calculated. Through the calculation, we obtained the relationships between the Gibbs free energy changes and temperatures. The difficulty degree of every potential reaction could be directly reflected by the correlation curve between the temperature and the Gibbs free energy change. The analysis result provided the theoretical basis for the reaction temperature and the solution treatment temperature of the FAC/AZ91D system. At the same time, the analysis based on the minimum principle of the reaction free energy revealed the final components (MgO, Mg2Si and MgAl2O4), which was partially similar to the result of XRD analysis (MgO, Mg2Si and Mg17Al12).

The Second Law, Gibbs Free Energy, Geometry, and Protein Folding

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-285
Author(s):  
Yi Fang
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Protein Folding ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Analytic Formula ◽  
Globular Protein ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Fundamental Physical

The fundamental physical law of protein folding is the second law of thermodynamics. The key to solve proteinfolding problem is to derive an analytic formula of the Gibbs free energy. It has been overdue for too long. Let U be a monomeric globular protein whose M atoms 1 M a are classified into hydrophobicity classes H H , ,H 1H 2.

Study of Chemical Quench of High Temperature Syngas

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Yang ◽  
Yinhe Liu ◽  
Zidong Cao
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Energy Minimization ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Quench Temperature ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy Minimization ◽  
Minimization Approach

Quench of high temperature raw syngas to a certain degree is of great importance for the availability of a gasifier, and it influences the economical running of whole energy utilization system. Chemical quench is one of the best choices for high temperature syngas quench. Based on the Gibbs free energy minimization approach, thermodynamic analyses are carried out to elucidate the quench process of high temperature syngas. The optimal quench temperature and optimal feeding rate of coal are achieved with the consideration of effects such as inlet syngas temperature, steam input and moisture content in the coal. The results show that chemical quench is an effective way for high temperature syngas quench. The higher the temperature of syngas is, the better the chemical quench effect is. Steam input to the syngas can enhance the chemical quench reaction for the same coal feeding rate, while the effect of moisture content in coal on chemical quench is negligible.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMIC MODELLING AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF LEACHING YTTRIUM FROM LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
Farouq Ahmat ◽  
Mohd Yusri Mohd Yunus ◽  
Badrulhisyam Abd Aziz ◽  
Anwarrudin Hisyam
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Equilibrium Constant ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Entropy Change ◽  
Thermodynamic Modelling ◽  
Positive Equilibrium ◽  
Leaching Process

Thermodynamic modelling, experiment, measurement, and characterization technique were used to evaluate the leaching process of yttrium (Y) elements from liquid crystal display (LCD) electronic waste (e-waste). Thermodynamic modelling using HSC 6.0 software revealed that the reaction of leaching out Y with hydrochloric acid is endothermic thus absorbing heat and at the same time positive Gibbs free energy from temperature 273.15 K to 343.15 K and negative Gibbs free energy from temperature 353.15 K to 373.15 K. Thermodynamic data of the leaching processes with sulfuric and nitric acids show that the reactions are exothermic thus release heat and at the same time negative Gibbs free energy from temperature 273.15K and above. The leaching reaction with sulfuric and nitric acids identified to be reversible from temperature 273.15 K and above due to the negative entropy change, whereas the reaction was found irreversible for the hydrochloric acid solution due to the positive entropy change at the similar minimum temperature setting. The significance of reversibility versus irreversibility is their relationship to the efficiency. The equilibrium constant show that the leaching process with hydrochloric acid is less than 1 (Log K<1) from temperature 273.15 K to 343.15 K indicate that the backward reaction is favored while from temperature 353.15 K to 373.15 K have a positive equilibrium constant (Log K>1) thus indicate thatforward reaction is favored. Leaching process with sulfuric and nitric acids shows that the positive equilibrium constant (Log K>1) which indicate that forward reaction is favored from temperature 273.15 K and above. The Pourbaix diagram modelling showed that Y dissolved in HCl at pH below 7 therefore strong reducing agents such as sulfuric acid (sulfide) can improve the dissolution of Y. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) results showed that only Y is viable to be efficiently leached from the studied LCD, e-waste either in a single-stage or in two-stage leachingmode. Sulfuric and nitric acids are found to be the most practical solutions in leaching out the Y element whereby around 0.00515 ppm and 0.00507 ppm of Y were dissolved in both solutions respectively based on the two-stages leaching approach.

First and second laws of thermodynamics: relationship, “inconsistency”, hidden effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
A. M. Savchenko ◽  
Yu. V. Konovalov ◽  
A. V. Laushkin
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Internal Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Entropy Of Mixing ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of the first and second laws of thermodynamics based on their energy nature is considered. It is noted that the processes described by the second law of thermodynamics often take place hidden within the system, which makes it difficult to detect them. Nevertheless, even with ideal mixing, an increase in the internal energy of the system occurs, numerically equal to an increase in free energy. The largest contribution to the change in the value of free energy is made by the entropy of mixing, which has energy significance. The entropy of mixing can do the job, which is confirmed in particular by osmotic processes.

Chemical equilibrium and chemical kinetics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Sherwood ◽  
Paul Dalby
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Equilibrium Constant ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Chemical Kinetics ◽  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Total System ◽  
Free Energies

Building on the previous chapter, this chapter examines gas phase chemical equilibrium, and the equilibrium constant. This chapter takes a rigorous, yet very clear, ‘first principles’ approach, expressing the total Gibbs free energy of a reaction mixture at any time as the sum of the instantaneous Gibbs free energies of each component, as expressed in terms of the extent-of-reaction. The equilibrium reaction mixture is then defined as the point at which the total system Gibbs free energy is a minimum, from which concepts such as the equilibrium constant emerge. The chapter also explores the temperature dependence of equilibrium, this being one example of Le Chatelier’s principle. Finally, the chapter links thermodynamics to chemical kinetics by showing how the equilibrium constant is the ratio of the forward and backward rate constants. We also introduce the Arrhenius equation, closing with a discussion of the overall effect of temperature on chemical equilibrium.

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