scholarly journals Statistical and Proactive Analysis of an Inter-Laboratory Comparison: The Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 926
Author(s):  
Paolo Di Lazzaro ◽  
Anthony C. Atkinson ◽  
Paola Iacomussi ◽  
Marco Riani ◽  
Marco Ricci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Shroud Of Turin ◽  
Current Accuracy

We review the sampling and results of the radiocarbon dating of the archaeological cloth known as the Shroud of Turin, in the light of recent statistical analyses of both published and raw data. The statistical analyses highlight an inter-laboratory heterogeneity of the means and a monotone spatial variation of the ages of subsamples that suggest the presence of contaminants unevenly removed by the cleaning pretreatments. We consider the significance and overall impact of the statistical analyses on assessing the reliability of the dating results and the design of correct sampling. These analyses suggest that the 1988 radiocarbon dating does not match the current accuracy requirements. Should this be the case, it would be interesting to know the accurate age of the Shroud of Turin. Taking into account the whole body of scientific data, we discuss whether it makes sense to date the Shroud again.

scholarly journals Association between Oxygen Consumption and Surface Electromyographic Amplitude and Its Variation within Individual Calf Muscles during Walking at Various Speeds

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1748
Author(s):  
Kohei Watanabe ◽  
Shideh Narouei
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Surface Emg ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Emg Amplitude ◽  
Calf Muscles

Surface electromyography (EMG) has been used to estimate muscle work and physiological burden of the whole body during human movements. However, there are spatial variations in surface EMG responses within individual muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between oxygen consumption and surface EMG responses of lower leg muscles during walking at various speeds and to quantify its spatial variation within an individual muscle. Nine young males walked on a treadmill at four speeds: preferred minus 1 km/h, preferred, preferred plus 1 km/h, and preferred plus 2 km/h, and the metabolic response was measured based on the expired gas. High-density surface EMG of the tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles was performed using 64 two-dimensional electrode grids. Correlation coefficients between oxygen consumption and the surface EMG amplitude were calculated across the gait speeds for each channel in the electrode grid and for individual muscles. Mean correlation coefficients across electrodes were 0.69–0.87 for the four individual muscles, and the spatial variation of correlation between the surface EMG amplitude and oxygen consumption within an electrode grid was significantly greater in MG muscle than in TA muscle (Quartile deviations: 0.24 for MG and 0.02 for TA, p < 0.05). These results suggest that the physiological burden of the whole body during gait at various speeds can be estimated from the surface EMG amplitude of calf muscles, but we need to note its spatial distribution within the MG muscle.

scholarly journals The Date of the Minoan Santorini Eruption: Quantifying the “Offset”

Radiocarbon ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 435-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Höflmayer
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Major Flaw ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Aegean Archaeology

Despite many recent attempts to settle the dispute concerning the absolute date of the Minoan Santorini eruption, there are still differences between some archaeologists and scientists on the absolute dates and the reliability of radiocarbon dating. The recent publication of over 200 new 14C dates for dynastic Egypt rules out a major flaw in the historical chronology of Egypt and proves the reliability of 14C dating in the Nile Valley. Therefore, the student of Aegean archaeology and eastern Mediterranean interconnections is still confronted with an archaeologically based conventional, or “low,” chronology and a 14C-backed “high” chronology. New 14C determinations from different sites of the Aegean support the high chronology for the Late Minoan (LM) IA, while recent re-evaluation of LM IB determinations are slightly higher but more or less in agreement with archaeological estimations. The present contribution reviews archaeological and scientific data for the LM IA period and argues that a reduced (∼30 to 50 yr) offset between archaeological and 14C dates for the Minoan Santorini eruption may be possible, thus offering new perspectives for potential solutions for this problem.

scholarly journals Experiences with making diffraction image data available: what metadata do we need to archive?

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2502-2509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loes M. J. Kroon-Batenburg ◽  
John R. Helliwell
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Archive ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Data Processing Software ◽  
Lysozyme Crystals

Recently, the IUCr (International Union of Crystallography) initiated the formation of a Diffraction Data Deposition Working Group with the aim of developing standards for the representation of raw diffraction data associated with the publication of structural papers. Archiving of raw data serves several goals: to improve the record of science, to verify the reproducibility and to allow detailed checks of scientific data, safeguarding against fraud and to allow reanalysis with future improved techniques. A means of studying this issue is to submit exemplar publications with associated raw data and metadata. In a recent study of the binding of cisplatin and carboplatin to histidine in lysozyme crystals under several conditions, the possible effects of the equipment and X-ray diffraction data-processing software on the occupancies andBfactors of the bound Pt compounds were compared. Initially, 35.3 GB of data were transferred from Manchester to Utrecht to be processed withEVAL. A detailed description and discussion of the availability of metadata was published in a paper that was linked to a local raw data archive at Utrecht University and also mirrored at the TARDIS raw diffraction data archive in Australia. By making these raw diffraction data sets available with the article, it is possible for the diffraction community to make their own evaluation. This led to one of the authors ofXDS(K. Diederichs) to re-integrate the data from crystals that supposedly solely contained bound carboplatin, resulting in the analysis of partially occupied chlorine anomalous electron densities near the Pt-binding sites and the use of several criteria to more carefully assess the diffraction resolution limit. General arguments for archiving raw data, the possibilities of doing so and the requirement of resources are discussed. The problems associated with a partially unknown experimental setup, which preferably should be available as metadata, is discussed. Current thoughts on data compression are summarized, which could be a solution especially for pixel-device data sets with fine slicing that may otherwise present an unmanageable amount of data.

scholarly journals Sharing powder diffraction raw data: challenges and benefits

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1739-1744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. G. Aranda
Keyword(s):  
Data Sharing ◽  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Powder Diffraction Data ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Apparent Lack

Scientific data are as important as scientific publications. If this statement holds true, why are we not routinely sharing scientific data? The tools are now out there, for instance Zenodo and related repositories. It could be a lack of motivation of researchers derived from an apparent lack of short-term reward. Here the author will try to show the importance of sharing ready-to-analyse raw powder diffraction data with immediate benefits for authors and for the wider community. Moreover, it is speculated that sharing curated scientific data may have more important medium-term benefits, including credibility and not least reproducibility. Raw data sharing is coming.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon Dating of the Turin Shroud: New Evidence from Raw Data

Archaeometry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1223-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Casabianca ◽  
E. Marinelli ◽  
G. Pernagallo ◽  
B. Torrisi
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
New Evidence

Effective dose: a radiation protection quantity

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
H-G. Menzel ◽  
J. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Stochastic Effects ◽  
Weighting Factors ◽  
Dose Limits

Modern radiation protection is based on the principles of justification, limitation, and optimisation. Assessment of radiation risks for individuals or groups of individuals is, however, not a primary objective of radiological protection. The implementation of the principles of limitation and optimisation requires an appropriate quantification of radiation exposure. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has introduced effective dose as the principal radiological protection quantity to be used for setting and controlling dose limits for stochastic effects in the regulatory context, and for the practical implementation of the optimisation principle. Effective dose is the tissue weighted sum of radiation weighted organ and tissue doses of a reference person from exposure to external irradiations and internal emitters. The specific normalised values of tissue weighting factors are defined by ICRP for individual tissues, and used as an approximate age- and sex-averaged representation of the relative contribution of each tissue to the radiation detriment of stochastic effects from whole-body low-linear energy transfer irradiations. The rounded values of tissue and radiation weighting factors are chosen by ICRP on the basis of available scientific data from radiation epidemiology and radiation biology, and they are therefore subject to adjustment as new scientific information becomes available. Effective dose is a single, risk-related dosimetric quantity, used prospectively for planning and optimisation purposes, and retrospectively for demonstrating compliance with dose limits and constraints. In practical radiation protection, it has proven to be extremely useful.

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