scholarly journals Universal Gorban’s Entropies: Geometric Case Study

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Evgeny M. Mirkes
Keyword(s):  
Lyapunov Functions ◽  
Reaction Network ◽  
Convex Envelopes ◽  
Pronounced Difference ◽  
Elementary Reactions ◽  
Rich Family ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Difference

Recently, A.N. Gorban presented a rich family of universal Lyapunov functions for any linear or non-linear reaction network with detailed or complex balance. Two main elements of the construction algorithm are partial equilibria of reactions and convex envelopes of families of functions. These new functions aimed to resolve “the mystery” about the difference between the rich family of Lyapunov functions (f-divergences) for linear kinetics and a limited collection of Lyapunov functions for non-linear networks in thermodynamic conditions. The lack of examples did not allow to evaluate the difference between Gorban’s entropies and the classical Boltzmann–Gibbs–Shannon entropy despite obvious difference in their construction. In this paper, Gorban’s results are briefly reviewed, and these functions are analysed and compared for several mechanisms of chemical reactions. The level sets and dynamics along the kinetic trajectories are analysed. The most pronounced difference between the new and classical thermodynamic Lyapunov functions was found far from the partial equilibria, whereas when some fast elementary reactions became close to equilibrium then this difference decreased and vanished in partial equilibria.

Konsep Distribusi Pendapatan Dalam Islam

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
Moh. Ah. Subhan ZA
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
The State ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The main problem of social life in the community is about how to make the allocation and distribution of income well. Inequality and poverty basically arise not because of the difference of anyone’s strength and weakness in getting livelihood, but because of inappropriate distribution mechanism. With the result that wealth treasure just turns on the rich wealthy, which is in turn, results in the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.Therefore, a discussion on distribution becomes main focus of theory of Islamic economics. Moreover, the discussion of the distribution is not only related to economic issues, but also social and political aspects. On the other side, the economic vision of Islam gives priority to the guarantee of the fulfillment of a better life. Islam emphasizes distributive justice and encloses, in its system, a program for the redistribution of wealth and prosperity, so that each individual is guaranteed with a respectable and friendly standard of living. Islam recognizes private property rights, but the private property rights must be properly distributed. The personal property is used for self and family livelihood, for investment of the working capital, so that it can provide job opportunities for others, for help of the others through zakat, infaq, and shodaqoh. In this way, the wealth not only rotates on the rich, bringing on gap in social life.The problem of wealth distribution is closely related to the welfare of society. Therefore, the state has a duty to regulate the distribution of income in order that the distribution can be fair and reaches appropriate target. The state could at least attempt it by optimizing the role of BAZ (Badan Amil Zakat) and LAZ (Lembaga Amil Zakat) which has all this time been slack. If BAZ and LAZ can be optimized, author believes that inequality and poverty over time will vanish. This is because the majority of Indonesia's population is Muslim.

scholarly journals Breyten Breytenbach en die Simbolisme - ’n voorlopige verkenning

Literator ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Viljoen
Keyword(s):  
Cape Town ◽  
Strong Duality ◽  
Great Emphasis ◽  
Rich Source ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Breyten Breytenbach ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Present World

This article is an attempt to outline the difference between Breytenbach's poetic method and that of the Symbolists. Although it touches on aspects of the symbolist poetic method like the rich suggestiveness, the creation o f a meaningful alternative world (and the effort of doing this), it focuses mainly on Breytenbach’s use of metaphor to create an impossible alternative world in a poem, only to relativize and destroy it again in the end. This process is illustrated in an analysis of poem 8.1 from Lotus. This analysis also shows up five well-known cardinal traits of Breytenbach’s poetry, viz. its carnality, the universal analogy between body, cosmos and poetry and the great emphasis on journeys, discoveries and transformations by means of language. It is also claimed that the Zen-Buddhisi Void plays an analogous role in Breytenbach's poetry to the theory of correspondances in the Symbolists: it is a rich source of metaphor. Breytenbach's poetry shows a strong duality between the present world and a meaningful alternative sphere. Being in and of this alternative sphere only aggravates the poet’s isolation (a typically symbolist trait), making him literally and figuratively an exile, as exile poems like "tot siens, kaapstad" (see you again, cape town) and "Walvis in die berg" (Whale on the mountain) and, of course, his prison poetry, clearly show.

Non-linear dynamics, chaos, complexity and enclaves in granitoid magmas

1996 ◽  
Vol 87 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Flinders ◽  
John D. Clemens
Keyword(s):  
Deterministic Chaos ◽  
Interfacial Area ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Nd Isotope ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Magma System ◽  
Isotope Systematics

ABSTRACT:Most natural systems display non-linear dynamic behaviour. This should be true for magma mingling and mixing processes, which may be chaotic. The equations that most nearly represent how a chaotic natural system behaves are insoluble, so modelling involves linearisation. The difference between the solution of the linearised and ‘true’ equation is assumed to be small because the discarded terms are assumed to be unimportant. This may be very misleading because the importance of such terms is both unknown and unknowable. Linearised equations are generally poor descriptors of nature and are incapable of either predicting or retrodicting the evolution of most natural systems. Viewed in two dimensions, the mixing of two or more visually contrasting fluids produces patterns by folding and stretching. This increases the interfacial area and reduces striation thickness. This provides visual analogues of the deterministic chaos within a dynamic magma system, in which an enclave magma is mingling and mixing with a host magma. Here, two initially adjacent enclave blobs may be driven arbitrarily and exponentially far apart, while undergoing independent (and possibly dissimilar) changes in their composition. Examples are given of the wildly different morphologies, chemical characteristics and Nd isotope systematics of microgranitoid enclaves within individual felsic magmas, and it is concluded that these contrasts represent different stages in the temporal evolution of a complex magma system driven by nonlinear dynamics. If this is true, there are major implications for the interpretation of the parts played by enclaves in the genesis and evolution of granitoid magmas.

Stuff goes wrong, so act now

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michala Iben Riis-Vestergaard ◽  
Johannes Haushofer
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Difference

AbstractPepper & Nettle make an ambitious and compelling attempt to isolate a common cause of what they call the behavioral constellation of deprivation. We agree with the authors that limited control can indeed help explain part of the difference in observed present-oriented behavior between the poor and the rich. However, we suggest that mortality risk is not the primary mechanism leading to this apparent impatience.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal variations of K Ca II line profile shapes in different structures of the solar chromosphere. I. Features of individual profiles

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Ирина Турова ◽  
Irina Turova ◽  
София Григорьева ◽  
Sofiya Grigoryeva ◽  
Ольга Ожогина ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Disk Center ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variations ◽  
Solar Chromosphere ◽  
Line Profiles ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
Characteristic Points ◽  
Scatter Plots ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Individual Profiles

We have studied Ca II K line profiles, using two time series of spectrograms taken in two regions near the solar disk center. In each of the regions, the spectrograph slit cut out several areas of the quiet region and a plage. For the selected chromospheric structures, we have derived K line profiles and have defined a number of parameters that characterize the spatial and temporal variations of the profiles. The analysis of profile shapes in different structures belonging to the same moment of time has shown that there are structures whose profiles differ only slightly from each other in the photosphere, but differ dramatically in the chromosphere. The structures begin to differ from the level of formation of K1 and continue to differ further in the chromosphere. There are, however, structures which begin to differ at the level of the photosphere and continue to differ in the chromosphere. The difference between profile shapes in different structures is likely to be associated both with different thermodynamic conditions and with different magnetic field topology at a given point at a given time. We have examined temporal variations of the K Ca II line profiles in structural chromospheric elements, which are caused by the process of K2v-grains. In most of the studied areas of the chromospheric structures, the brightening of the K2v peak develops according to the “common” scenario: at the time of maximum bright-ness, the line shifts toward the red side. There are, however, cases when the brightening of the K2v peak occurs with a shift of the line to the violet side or with no shift at all. We have constructed scatter plots for some pairs of profile parameters related to intensities at characteristic points of the profile and their shifts. A correlation has been found between intensities in the center and wings of the K line. The correlation between shifts of the K2v and K2r peaks is very weak or completely absent.

scholarly journals Artistic and technical features of the lithographic manner mixed technique

2019 ◽  
pp. 92-98
Author(s):  
V. Vandаlovskyi
Keyword(s):  
Fine Arts ◽  
Technological Capabilities ◽  
Artistic Creativity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Original Technique ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Technical Features ◽  
Senior Students ◽  
Positive Results

Nowadays the problem of improving the artistic and technical features of the lithographic manner of mixed technique has matured already. The author of this study expanded and supplemented the ways of combining a variety of manners of lithographic techniques through practical experiments to achieve positive results in this area. Mixed technique is one of the types of lithography, in which a certain combination of lithographic manners engraving on stone with pencil, blurring ink, root paper, color lithography is used on one stone depending on the intent of the author, his artistic taste and possession of a large number of techniques in lithography, such as shading, sketching, blurring ink, pen, prints of cloth and other textures and the like. Lithography got the greatest spread in France, the gifted artists on stone included T. Géricault, Antoine-Jean Gros, Claude Joseph Vernet, Nicolas-Toussaint Charlet, O. Raffet, Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix, Louis-Léopold Boilly, Paul Gavarni, Henri Grévedon, A. Toulouse-Lautrec and many others. Famous Ukrainian artists, namely M. Deregus, M. Popov, S. Yakutovich, and others worked in lithographic mixed technique. In particular, N. Popov in the creation of graphic works used the author's manner of execution of lithographs – drawing with acid. In artistic creativity to the main lithographic technique artists add elements of other graphic techniques: combine with etching, woodcut, monotype and other techniques. The program of teaching lithography in National Academy of Fine Arts and Architecture in methodical terms is designed so that the student of the specialty "Free graphics, design and illustration of the book", mastering lithographic technique and getting acquainted with her manners, could be able to do on this basis a mixed lithographic technique. Mixed technique is the final task, in which the student is given the opportunity to choose and combine the manners of lithography. Senior students improve their knowledge in the field of technical and technological capabilities of lithography. Due to the rich, original technique lithography has unlimited visual possibilities. It met the requirements of different artists, despite the difference in styles, language and artistic techniques. Lithography makes it possible to solve the composition in black and white, dashed, tonal, color techniques through the use of different manners.

scholarly journals Mushroom Biomass: Some Clinical Implications of β-Glucans and Enzymes

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (Special-Issue-October) ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Ana Barros ◽  
Vitoria Bell ◽  
Jorge Ferrão ◽  
Vittorio Calabrese ◽  
Tito Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

Mushrooms have attracted market attention because they are a potential source of bioactive compounds able to perform several functions in organisms with benefits for the health of the consumer. Cultivation processes vary according a) industrial fermentation - in large vats to produce extracted form of mushrooms or b) closed cultivation system - individually grown in jars on an aseptic “substrate” with controlled lighting and irrigation to produce a biomass form of mushrooms. Biomass is the mycelium with primordia (young fruiting body - before the mushroom blooms) containing all the nutrients and active compounds, including β-glucans, enzymes and secondary metabolites. The classification of mushroom biomass varies according to the presentation; the biomass can be classified as a “food” if in powder form or, classified as a “dietary supplement” in tablet form. While tablet mushroom biomass is considered a dietary supplement, mushroom extracts are designated pharmaceutical compounds, pharmanutrients or nutraceuticals. Here we illustrate the difference between mushrooms in the biomass and extract forms, the similarities and differences on its content on enzymes, secondary metabolites and on β-glucans, as a soluble and fermentable fibre. Of particular note is the rich enzyme activity in the biomass form of mushrooms. Such activity includes enzymes that prevent oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase), enzymes that prevent cellular growth (protease, glucoamylase) and enzymes that promote detoxification (cytochrome P-450, peroxidase, glucose-2-oxidase). β-glucans have been proposed to act as “biological response modifiers” based on their effects on the immune system, and its role in the prevention and treatment of various metabolic syndrome-linked diseases. This review focuses also on some described health-promoting potential of mushroom biomass, all through immunomodulation. The role of intestinal microbiota is enhanced.

scholarly journals MRA-SNet: Siamese Networks of Multiscale Residual and Attention for Change Detection in High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 4528
Author(s):  
Xin Yang ◽  
Lei Hu ◽  
Yongmei Zhang ◽  
Yunqing Li
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Remote Sensing Image ◽  
Image Features ◽  
Remote Sensing Images ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Basic Network ◽  
And Performance

Remote sensing image change detection (CD) is an important task in remote sensing image analysis and is essential for an accurate understanding of changes in the Earth’s surface. The technology of deep learning (DL) is becoming increasingly popular in solving CD tasks for remote sensing images. Most existing CD methods based on DL tend to use ordinary convolutional blocks to extract and compare remote sensing image features, which cannot fully extract the rich features of high-resolution (HR) remote sensing images. In addition, most of the existing methods lack robustness to pseudochange information processing. To overcome the above problems, in this article, we propose a new method, namely MRA-SNet, for CD in remote sensing images. Utilizing the UNet network as the basic network, the method uses the Siamese network to extract the features of bitemporal images in the encoder separately and perform the difference connection to better generate difference maps. Meanwhile, we replace the ordinary convolution blocks with Multi-Res blocks to extract spatial and spectral features of different scales in remote sensing images. Residual connections are used to extract additional detailed features. To better highlight the change region features and suppress the irrelevant region features, we introduced the Attention Gates module before the skip connection between the encoder and the decoder. Experimental results on a public dataset of remote sensing image CD show that our proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art (SOTA) CD methods in terms of evaluation metrics and performance.

scholarly journals Studi Perbandingan Analisis Struktur Rumah 2 Lantai Menggunakan Kayu Glulam dan Kayu Solid Terhadap Beban Gempa. (Hal. 85-94)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Ramdhan Taufik ◽  
Erma Desmaliana ◽  
Amatulhay Pribadi
Keyword(s):  
Construction Material ◽  
Pushover Analysis ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Base Shear ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Immediate Occupancy

ABSTRAKKondisi geografis Indonesia memiliki struktur tektonik kompleks. Kondisi ini membuat perencanaan rumah tinggal 2 (dua) lantai membutuhkan pertimbangan khusus dari segi kekuatan dan kekakuan. Penggunaan material kayu sebagai bahan konstruksi di Indonesia masih jarang digunakan. Kayu glulam adalah suatu produk kayu rekayasa yang dibuat dari beberapa bilah kayu yang direkatkan dengan arah sejajar serat menggunakan perekat berupa lem. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi respon struktur pada rumah tinggal menggunakan material kayu glulam dan solid dengan bantuan program ETABS 2016. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan, diperoleh nilai periode struktur, gaya geser dasar, dan simpangan antar lantai antara seluruh model menunjukan hasil yang berbeda, perbedaan diakibatkan dari hasil konversi berat jenis dan modulus of elastisity berdasarkan BS EN 1194:1999. Berdasarkan analisis non-linier pushover didapatkan bahwa kayu glulam Nyatoh (kayu kelas III) berada pada level pada kinerja B to IO (Immediate Occupancy), dimana hasil tersebut tidak berbeda jauh dengan kayu solid Bangkirai (kayu kelas I).Kata Kunci: rumah tinggal, kayu glulam, non-linier pushover ABSTRACTGeographical condition of Indonesia has a complex tectonic structure. These conditions create  2-storyhome-planning that require special consideration in terms of strength and rigidity. The use of wood as a construction material in Indonesia is still rarely used. Glulam wood is a wood products engineering made from wooden slats several glued with the direction of the parallel fibers using adhesives. This research aims to identify the structure of the response at home using basic material glulam and solid wood with the help of ETABS 2016 programs. Based on the analysis that has been done, obtained the value of the structure periode, base shear force, and interstory drift between all models show different results, the difference is due to the results of specific gravity conversion and modulus of elasticity base on BS EN 1194:1999. Based on non-linear pushover analysis, it shows that Nyatoh glulam wood (class III wood) was at the level of the B to IO (Immediate Occupancy) performance, where the results were not much different from Bangkirai solid wood (class I wood).Keywords: home livingstructure, glulam wood, non-linear pushover

scholarly journals Lyapunov Function Based Flux and Speed Observer Using Advanced Non-linear Backstepping DVC for PWM-Rectifier Connected Wind-turbine-driven PM Generator

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youcef Saidi ◽  
Abdelkader Mezouar ◽  
Yahia Miloud ◽  
Mohammed Amine Benmahdjoub ◽  
Brahim Brahmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lyapunov Function ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Synchronous Generator ◽  
Voltage Source ◽  
System Control ◽  
Speed Sensor ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Stator Flux

In this paper, modeling, and speed/position sensor-less designed Direct Voltage Control (DVC) approach based on the Lyapunov function are studied for three-phase voltage source Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) Rectifier Connected to a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) Variable Speed Wind Power Generation System (VS-WPGS). This control strategy is based on voltage orientation technique without mechanical speed sensor. Advanced Non-linear Integral Backstepping Control (IBSC) of the Generator Side Converter (GSC) has the ability to have a good regulation of the DC link voltage to meet the requirements necessary to achieve optimal system operation, regardless of the disturbances caused by the characteristics of the drive train or some changes into the DC load. The estimation of the speed is based on Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) method. This method consists in developing two models one of reference and the other adjustable for the estimation of the two d-q axis components of the stator flux from the measurement of currents, the speed estimated is obtained by canceling the difference between the reference stator flux and the adjustable one using Lyapunov criterion of hyper-stability. Some results of simulation using Matlab/Simulink® are presented, discussed to prove the efficiency and robustness of the system control policy for WPGS against external and internal perturbations.

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