scholarly journals Cytogenetic and Biochemical Genetic Techniques for Personalized Drug Therapy in Europe

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1169
Author(s):  
Tatjana Huebner ◽  
Catharina Scholl ◽  
Michael Steffens
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Test Validity ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Related Information ◽  
European Public ◽  
Biochemical Genetic ◽  
Genetic Techniques ◽  
Standard Techniques

For many authorized drugs, accumulating scientific evidence supports testing for predictive biomarkers to apply personalized therapy and support preventive measures regarding adverse drug reactions and treatment failure. Here, we review cytogenetic and biochemical genetic testing methods that are available to guide therapy with drugs centrally approved in the European Union (EU). We identified several methods and combinations of techniques registered in the Genetic Testing Registry (GTR), which can be used to guide therapy with drugs for which pharmacogenomic-related information is provided in the European public assessment reports. Although this registry provides information on genetic tests offered worldwide, we identified limitations regarding standard techniques applied in clinical practice and the information on test validity rarely provided in the according sections.

Blockchain for Governance of Sustainability Transparency in the Global Energy Value Chain: Part 2, Reconciling the Technology/Regulation Mismatch

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-50
Author(s):  
Lauren Downes ◽  
Chris Reed
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Regulatory Change ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Governance Model ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks

In this second part of a two-part article we continue our consideration of how global energy value chains could be managed more sustainably through blockchain by greatly increasing transparency. The aim is to use this transparency to incentivise more sustainable behaviour on the part both of energy producers and suppliers and of consumers. Incentives of this kind are market based, and so we have concentrated on market-based instruments in the energy sector, emphasising those that decrease the CO2 footprint of energy consumption, such as emissions trading schemes and renewable energy certificates. Blockchain can enhance transparency by improving the quality of, and access to, sustainability-related information. However, existing laws and regulatory frameworks that govern market-based instruments may prevent these benefits from becoming fully realised. We review the governance frameworks of market-based instruments in several international jurisdictions (Brazil, India, Kazakhstan, Mexico, South Africa and Ukraine, as well as the European Union with particular reference to the Netherlands and United Kingdom (which was a member of the EU at the time of this writing), to ascertain how laws, rules and regulations may limit transparency of sustainability information. We also consider jurisdictional differences to identify difficulties in the creation of a global framework for managing sustainability information from market-based instruments. Jurisdictional differences mean that a one-size fits all solution may not be possible. To overcome this, we propose a blockchain governance model, using aggregated blockchains and peering agreements. It allows flexibility when disclosing information, through layering of permissions, and this means that it should be possible to construct a transparency system which complies with existing domestic legal and regulatory requirements, rather than requiring major legal and regulatory change.

scholarly journals New perspectives after the transition of EPIET to ECDC – the future of the programme

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (43) ◽  
Author(s):  
V Bremer ◽  
A Bosman ◽  
D Coulombier
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
European Public ◽  
Response Capacity ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Training Programmes

Strengthening capacity in intervention epidemiology is key to the overall goal of responding to the challenge to detect and counter threats posed by outbreaks of infectious diseases in the European Union (EU). Since its founding in 1995, the European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET) has become a core resource in training in intervention epidemiology in the EU. EPIET was integrated into the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) on 1 November 2007 and this has resulted in an increased sustainability of the programme, allowing for long-term planning. Also, a new training programme, the European public health microbiology training (EUPHEM), was set up in 2008 to increase the response capacity for microbiology. Collaboration with EU Member States and other training programmes has been further intensified. Merging EPIET and other training activities in the ECDC training section has created the opportunity to develop an integrated multilevel approach to training in applied field epidemiology. An integrated approach to training activities on EU level, and increasing the number of EPIET and EPIET-associated fellows are essential to respond to the training needs of EU Member States, particularly new Member States. An external evaluation of EPIET in 2009 will provide guidance for a future strategy for the programme. This article examines the achievements of the EPIET programme after its transition to ECDC and provides an outlook on its future.

Harmonising public sector accounting laws and regulations of the European Union member states: powers and competences

2021 ◽  
pp. 002085232110600
Author(s):  
Karoline Helldorff ◽  
Johan Christiaens
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
European Public ◽  
Public Sector Accounting ◽  
Will Force ◽  
The One ◽  
Rules Set ◽  
The Eu

This paper analyses the powers and competences of the EU to standardise public sector accounting of the member states and to take other EU action in the field of public sector accounting. We argue that public sector accounting forms part of the administrative organisation of the member states that is not a core EU competence. EU initiatives such as the European Public Sector Accounting Standards project, which aim to increase transparency and comparability, therefore need to follow the rules set out for administrative matters in general. The study reveals on the one hand that EU actions are essentially limited to voluntary cooperation and influences of other policy areas. But on the other hand, it shows that they do not need to be limited to the initiatives currently driven by Eurostat. Points for practitioners The future of the European Public Sector Accounting Standards project is uncertain. However, it is very unlikely that it will take the shape of a top-down set of readymade EU accounting standards that will force public administrations to adjust their inner workings. Public sector accounting is not (yet) a (typical) European policy, but simply a national one that the EU can support. The EU initiative can be considered as an opportunity for collaboration and knowledge sharing on how to increase transparency of public sector accounting.

scholarly journals Genetic variation in arthropod vectors of disease-causing organisms: obstacles and opportunities.

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
R H Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Biochemical Genetics ◽  
Genetic Structuring ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Arthropod Vectors ◽  
Biochemical Genetic ◽  
Genetic Techniques

An overview of the genetic variation in arthropods that transmit pathogens to vertebrates is presented, emphasizing the genetics of vector-pathogen relationships and the biochemical genetics of vectors. Vector-pathogen interactions are reviewed briefly as a prelude to a discussion of the genetics of susceptibility and refractoriness in vectors. Susceptibility to pathogens is controlled by maternally inherited factors, sex-linked dominant alleles, and dominant and recessive autosomal genes. There is widespread interpopulation (including intercolony) and temporal variation in susceptibility to pathogens. The amount of biochemical genetic variation in vectors is similar to that found in other invertebrates. However, the amount varies widely among species, among populations within species, and temporally within populations. Biochemical genetic studies show that there is considerable genetic structuring of many vectors at the local, regional, and global levels. It is argued that genetic variation in vectors is critical in understanding vector-pathogen interactions and that genetic variation in vectors creates both obstacles to and opportunities for application of genetic techniques to the control of vectors.

Turkey's entry into the Concert of Europe

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
FIKRET ADANIR
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Muslim Country ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
European Public ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
History Of ◽  
Concert Of Europe

From the start, Turkey's aspirations to join the European Union aroused considerable opposition. Recently, the debate has focused increasingly on supposed disparities in the spheres of culture, politics or mentality, implying that this Muslim country would not be able to comply with European norms and values. Supporters of Turkey's candidacy, on the other hand, have pointed out that Turkey has always been an important element of the European balance of power and was, in the nineteenth century, even a member of the Concert of Europe. Both sides invoke history to justify their arguments. The present paper examines the evolution of the European state system and the major stages in the history of the Turkish–European relationship, with a view to arriving at a more balanced judgement. It can be shown that new concepts, such as state interest and balance of power, had already begun in the sixteenth century to undermine the old theological worldview and, beginning with the eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was treated – at least de facto – as an actor that observed fully the norms of European public law (jus publicum Europeum). However, a de jure recognition of the Empire's status had to wait until the Treaty of Paris (1856), but even then it did not include an effective guarantee of Ottoman territorial integrity.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Stirn
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Public Law ◽  
European Convention ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Project ◽  
European Public ◽  
Domestic Law

The introduction shows how the history and diversity of Europe have given rise to the European project. On the basis of historical differences, there are great differences between the countries of Europe; nevertheless, as a function of common cultural heritage, a project of European integration has emerged. Beginning with European history, the chapter shows how the European project has evolved and been consolidated through law and how, against the background of the European Union (EU), the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and the domestic law of the countries of Europe, a European public law is taking shape.

Public Administration, Turbulence, and the European Union

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarle Trondal
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Multilevel Governance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Uncertain Environments ◽  
The Public ◽  
European Public ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Regulatory Challenges

In a multilevel governance system such as the European Union (EU) policy processes at one level may create challenges and dilemmas at lower levels. Multilevel governance involves a multiplicity of regulatory regimes and succeeding governance ambiguities for national actors. These regulatory challenges and ensuring governance dilemmas increasingly affect contemporary European public administration. These challenges and dilemmas are captured by the term turbulence. The inherent state prerogative to formulate and implement public policy is subject to an emergent and turbulent EU administration. Organized turbulence is captured by the supply of independent and integrated bureaucratic capacities at a “European level.” Throughout history (1952 onwards) the EU system has faced shifting hostile and uncertain environments, and responded by erecting turbulent organizational solutions of various kinds. Studying turbulence opens an opportunity to rethink governance in turbulent administrative systems such as the public administration of the EU.

scholarly journals Unravelling migration connectivity reveals unsustainable hunting of the declining ortolan bunting

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. eaau2642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Jiguet ◽  
Alexandre Robert ◽  
Romain Lorrillière ◽  
Keith A. Hobson ◽  
Kevin J. Kardynal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Population Viability ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Migration Strategy ◽  
Illegal Hunting ◽  
Emberiza Hortulana ◽  
Ortolan Bunting ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stable Populations

In France, illegal hunting of the endangered ortolan bunting Emberiza hortulana has been defended for the sake of tradition and gastronomy. Hunters argued that ortolan buntings trapped in southwest France originate from large and stable populations across the whole of Europe. Yet, the European Commission referred France to the Court of Justice of the European Union (EU) in December 2016 for infringements to legislation (IP/16/4213). To better assess the impact of hunting in France, we combined Pan-European data from archival light loggers, stable isotopes, and genetics to determine the migration strategy of the species across continents. Ortolan buntings migrating through France come from northern and western populations, which are small, fragmented and declining. Population viability modeling further revealed that harvesting in southwest France is far from sustainable and increases extinction risk. These results provide the sufficient scientific evidence for justifying the ban on ortolan harvesting in France.

scholarly journals Parent Knowledge of Screening and Genetic Testing in Retinoblastoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Wei Xiao ◽  
Xian Ji ◽  
Huijing Ye ◽  
Huiqi Zeng ◽  
Yang Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Parent Knowledge ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Oncology Unit

Purpose. To evaluate parent knowledge of screening and genetic testing for retinoblastoma and its potential correlation with demographics, clinical features, and socioeconomical factors. Methods. It was a cross-sectional study conducted at the ocular oncology unit of a tertiary ophthalmic center in Southern China. A face-to-face interview was administered to parents of retinoblastoma children during hospitalization. Parent knowledge was assessed using the sum score of a 7-item questionnaire. Demographics and socioeconomic status were collected from the interview, and clinical data were retrieved from the medical records. Results. A total of 126 parents of retinoblastoma children were included. Parents accurately answered 66.7% to 84.9% of each item in the questionnaire. Only 37 (29.4%) parents correctly answered all 7 questions. Parent knowledge was positively correlated with education, but it was not associated with patients’ laterality, sex, or household income. Physicians and the Internet were the major sources of parental health-related information. During the median follow-up of 492 days, 13 (61.9%) of 21 patients in the full-score group without genetic testing at baseline actually conducted testing during follow-up compared to 29 of 67 (43.3%) in the less-than-full-score group (P=0.136). Conclusion. Overall parent knowledge about retinoblastoma screening and genetic testing was moderate. Higher education was associated with greater parent knowledge. Future studies should validate our findings in other populations, especially in those with different cultural background and healthcare systems.

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