scholarly journals Geographic Patterns of Genetic Variation among Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Populations Based on Chloroplast Markers

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Helmuth Edisson Nieves-Orduña ◽  
Markus Müller ◽  
Konstantin V. Krutovsky ◽  
Oliver Gailing
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellite ◽  
Chloroplast Markers ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Chloroplast Haplotypes ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

The cacao tree (Theobroma cacao L.) is native to the Amazon basin and widely cultivated in the tropics to produce seeds, the valuable raw material for the chocolate industry. Conservation of cacao genetic resources and their availability for breeding and production programs are vital for securing cacao supply. However, relatively little is still known about the phylogeographic structure of natural cacao populations. We studied the geographic distribution of cpDNA variation in different populations representing natural cacao stands, cacao farms in Ecuador, and breeding populations. We used six earlier published cacao chloroplast microsatellite markers to genotype 233 cacao samples. In total, 23 chloroplast haplotypes were identified. The highest variation of haplotypes was observed in western Amazonia including geographically restricted haplotypes. Two observed haplotypes were widespread across the Amazon basin suggesting long distance seed dispersal from west to east in Amazonia. Most cacao genetic groups identified earlier using nuclear SSRs are associated with specific chloroplast haplotypes. A single haplotype was common in selections representing cacao plantations in west Ecuador and reference Trinitario accessions. Our results can be used to determine the chloroplast diversity of accessions and in combination with phenotypic assessments can help to select geographically distinctive varieties for cacao breeding programs.

scholarly journals EKSPLORASI SPATIAL DAN IDENTIFIKASI CENDAWAN ENDOFIT PADA TANAMAN KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.) DI BALI

2018 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Lilis Riana Tambunan ◽  
Meitini Proborini ◽  
Putu Adriani Astiti
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Soil Rhizosphere ◽  
The Village ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa plant (Theobroma cacao L.) can grow well in the highlands and lowlands, a plantation and industrial plantwhich is known as one of the export commodities, as raw material for the food and pharmaceutical industries which cancontribute to an increase in foreign exchange endophytic fungus is a fungus living on a live network of plants such asseeds, leaves, flowers, twigs, stems and roots. Truffles are generally mutualistic endophyte and is known to stimulate thegrowth of plants, capable of producing antibiotics and plant growth regulators (hormones). This study aims to determinethe diversity and identify endophytic fungi on Kakao.yang found in two different locations in Bali, in the village of KajaBuahan District of Payangan, Gianyar and the Village of Tua, Marga, Tabanan regency subdistricts. Research carried outin the field with the exploration methods, isolation, identification and diversity analysis conducted at the Laboratory ofPlant Taxonomy (Mycology), Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Udayana. Laboratoryresearch conducted by isolating the roots, leaves, plant stems and content of the soil (rhizosphere) cocoa. Once isolated,grown on PDA medium subsequently incubated at room temperature 250C. Isolates that grow back isolated and purifiedon a PDA medium for further identified to the genera or species level. A total of six isolates of endophytic fungi identifiedin the rhizosphere and cocoa plant that is where four of these isolates were identified to species, two isolates were notidentified until genus. Fungi were identified namely Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Cladosporiumsphaeropermum, Trichoderma viride, isolates 1 and 2 isolates.Keywords: cocoa, endophytic fungi, highlands and lowlands

scholarly journals Identifying Cocoa Marketing System (Theobroma Cacao L.) at Utcubamba and Bagua Provinces in the Region of Amazonas-Peru

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Vicente M. Castañeda Chávez ◽  
Polito M. Huayama Sopla ◽  
Pablo A. Rituay Trujillo
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Marketing System ◽  
Fresh State ◽  
Agricultural Organizations ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Summary Subject and purpose of work: The purpose of the study was to identify the marketing system of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) traditionally used by producers in the provinces of Utcubamba and Bagua in the Amazonas region in Peru. Materials and methods: The study was conducted by means of the diagnostic survey method, using direct interviews with a specified population that consisted of 90 producers out of a total of 1239 affiliates grouped in 3 agricultural organizations. The study was developed in 2017. Results: The cocoa marketing system in the Amazonas region is related to the traditionally used forms and methods of production as well as to the agents involved in it. Conclusions: The cocoa marketing system identified in the provinces under study is a free market governed by laws of supply and demand with the sale of the product to intermediaries mainly in its fresh state and as raw material.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Computational and Experimental Analysis of Polyphenol Oxidase from Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
D. M. Sanni ◽  
T. H. Fatoki ◽  
O. V. Omotoyinbo
Keyword(s):  
Polyphenol Oxidase ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Populus Euphratica ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidases ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Zea May ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a cash crop of huge economic significance in the world and the key raw material for chocolate manufacturing. Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are copper containing oxidoreductases that catalyze the hydroxylation and oxidation of phenolic compounds in the presence of molecular oxygen. The PPO presence and activity during fermentation and drying of cocoa beans is responsible for the development of flavor precursors. In this study, bioinformatics analysisof PPO from cocoa was done using standard bioinformatics tools such as Blastp, Hmmer, ClustalO, OMABrowser, EMBOSS and Swissmodel. The result showed that cocoa PPO homologs include Citrus sinensis, Populus euphratica, Gossypium raimondii, Litchi chinensis, Dimocarpuslongan, Canarium album, while the orthologsobtainedinclude Sorghum bicolor, Zea may, Manihot esculenta and Vitis vinifera among others.PPO of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) was found to be a distant homolog of cocoa PPO, and that this evolutionary relationship implicated Witches’ Broom Disease (WBD). The computed physicochemical properties were in alignment with the experimental results. Keywords: Polyphenol Oxidase, Cocoa, Theobroma cacao L., Computational Analysis, Experimental Analysis.

scholarly journals Phylogeography of Lanius senator reveals conflicts between alpha taxonomy, subspecies ranges and genetics.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Nasuelli ◽  
Luca Ilahiane ◽  
Giovanni Boano ◽  
Marco Cucco ◽  
Andrea Galimberti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Divergence Time ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Western Palearctic ◽  
And Control

Implementing the effort in understanding biogeographic distribution patterns and taxonomic limits within animal groups is crucial for addressing several challenges of modern zoology. Although avian phylogeography has been deeply investigated within Western Palearctic, several families, such as shrikes, still display complicated or neglected biogeographic patterns both between and within species, thus requiring further investigations. The Woodchat Shrike (Lanius senator) is a long-distance migratory species that exhibits three morphologically well-recognizable subspecies, whose boundaries have never been molecularly investigated. Here, we aimed to define the phylogeographic structure of Lanius senator throughout its breeding range and assess the genetic coherence with the phenotypically described subspecies. We assembled a collection of 34 samples mainly from breeding populations of each subspecies and analyzed them at four mtDNA and two nuDNA markers. We did not find a clear phylogenetic structure with nuclear Ornithine Decarboxylase (ODC) and myoglobin intron 2 (MYO), while all the four mtDNA loci (i.e., ND2, COI, cytb and Control Region) highlighted two main haplogroups, one including both the nominate subspecies L. s. senator and L. s. badius and the second consistent with L. s. niloticus only from the easternmost part of the range. Surprisingly, individuals phenotypically assigned to L. s. niloticus from Israel were genetically assigned to the senator/badius haplogroup. Moreover, genetic distances showed intermediate values between inter-intraspecies diversity usually found in Passerines. We estimated a divergence time among the two haplogroups around 800 kya (549 - 1.259 kya HPD). Our findings showed a mismatch in subspecies assignment using morphology and genetic information and a marked differentiation between the eastern L.s. niloticus and all the other L. senator populations.

scholarly journals Analisis Zat Gizi Makro Dari Tepung Kombinasi Kakao (Theobroma Cacao L) dan Ubi Kayu (Manihot Utilissima) Sebagai Bahan Dasar Biskuit

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Hairunnisa Hairunnisa ◽  
Suherman Suherman ◽  
Supriadi Supriadi
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Combustion Method ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cassava Flour ◽  
Cocoa Powder ◽  
Kjeldahl Method ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

This study aims to determine the moisture content, ash, carbohydrate, protein and fat from a combination of flour cocoa and cassava as a raw material manufacture of biscuits, as well as knowing the favorite test (favorite level) of the biscuits that have been made with several variations of flour cocoa and cassava. The method used is the gravimetric method, combustion method, phenol method, Kjeldahl method, and soxhlet method.The results showed that the combination of cocoa powder and cassava with some variation of that, variation A (25%:75%) had a moisture level of 18.0%, 2.2% ash, 2.7 mg/100gcarbohydrates, 1.7% protein, and 7.2% fat. Variation B (50%: 50%) had a moisture level of 4.0%, 3.4% ash, 63.9 mg/100 g carbohydrates, 4.8% protein, and 19.2% fat. Variation C (75%:25%) had a moisture level of 2.0%, 9.4% ash, 127.9 mg/100gcarbohydrates, 6.7% protein, and 27.4% fat. These results indicated that the levels of nutrients in the combination of cocoa and cassava flour increased with increasing variations, especially for ash, carbohydrates, protein, and fat levels with the addition of cocoa flour by 75% but the moisture level decreased, and the biscuit trials have shown that the best treatment was the Variation B (50%: 50%).

scholarly journals Respon Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) Terhadap Pemberian Kompos Limbah Kelapa Sawit

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Fico Ovender ◽  
Rudi Hartawan ◽  
Edy Marwan
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Design Environment ◽  
Short Root ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of the important plantation commodities after oil palm and rubber. This plant has a high economic value and is a foreign exchange earner. The seeds produced are used as raw material for the foodstuff industry as well as for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency, the productivity of cocoa-farmers in Jambi is still very low, only reaching 585 kg ha-1. This study aims to obtain a dose of oil palm waste compost to support the growth of cocoa seedlings. The experiment was carried out in Pijon Village, Jaluko District, Muaro Jambi Regency from December 2020 to April 2021. This experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design environment. The treatment design used was compost dosage consisting of 4 levels, namely p0 = without giving compost, p1 = 5 tons ha-1 (7.5 grams per 3 kg of media), p2 = 10 tons ha-1 (15 grams per 3 kg of media) and p3 = 15 tons ha-1 (22.5 grams per 3 kg of media). The observed data were tabulated and analyzed with analysis of variance. If the calculated F value has a significant effect, then the DNMRT further test for 95% accuracy is carried out. The results showed that the application of compost 15 tons ha-1 showed an increase the plant height of 63.78%, the stem diameter of 73.68%, the shoot dry weight 30.83%, the total dry weight 95.12%, an the short root ratio 90.37%.

scholarly journals PROMANCOA Modular Technology for the Valorization of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) and Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Agricultural Biowastes

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1312
Author(s):  
Alberto J. Núñez-Sellés ◽  
Alejandro J. Abril-González ◽  
Marlen Ramil-Mesa
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Modular Technology ◽  
Agriculture Management ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

PROMANCOA modular technology (PMT) aims at the development of modular agricultural biowaste valorization of mango (Mangifera indica L.) and cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivars within the concept of circular economy in agriculture management. The modular design includes four modules: (1) green raw material (GRM) selection and collection, (2) GRM processing, (3) GRM extraction, in order to obtain bioactive green extracts (BGE) and bioactive green ingredients (BGI), and (4) quality control, which lead to formula components for food, feed, nutraceutical and/or cosmeceutical products. PMT was applied to mango stem bark and tree branches, and cocoa pod husk and bean shells, from cultivars of mango and cocoa in provinces of the Dominican Republic (DR). PMT might be applied to other agricultural biowastes, where a potential of value-added BGE/BGI may be present. Alongside the market potential of these bioactive ingredients, the reduction of carbon dioxide and methane emissions of agricultural biowastes would be a significant contribution in order to reduce the greenhouse effect of these residuals.

Situación económica y social de la población de San José del Carmen, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Cadena-Iñiguez ◽  
Eileen Salinas-Cruz ◽  
Jesús Martínez-Sánchez ◽  
Mariano Morales-Guerra ◽  
Romualdo Vásquez-Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Las Casas ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Objetivo: Establecer una línea base como fundamento para la intervención e inducción de innovaciones a través de escuelas de campo y planes de negocios. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: El estudio se desarrolló en San José del Carmen, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, México. Se elaboró una encuesta como instrumento para recabar en campo información de familias de la localidad con la finalidad de conocer su situación actual. La localidad de trabajo se eligió utilizando como criterio las poblaciones que se encuentran dentro de Cruzada Nacional contra el hambre y en la clasificación de la pobreza extrema Resultados: La localidad de San José del Carmen es considerada como de alta marginación, la población es bilingüe, su principal lengua es el Tzotzil, el nivel de estudios promedio es hasta el tercer año de primaria, las principales actividades productivas son la siembra de maíz (Zea mays L.), frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) y haba (Vicia faba L.) que son utilizadas principalmente para autoconsumo.  No cuentan con agua potable ya que su sistema es a través de la recaudación de agua de lluvia o a través de un jagüey. Sus principales actividades económicas son la albañilería por parte de los hombres, y venta de productos, tales como el pozol (bebida energética a base de maíz y cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), tostadas y algunos vegetales por parte de las mujeres. Las tostadas son producidas en forma artesanal con un proceso de doble nixtamalización y vendida en bolsas de 20 tostadas cada una, a un costo de MX$10.00 en los mercados de San Cristóbal de las Casas, una a dos veces por semana alrededor de 40 bolsas por día de venta. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: La afiliación zapatista de alguno de los pobladores y el hecho de que algunos habitantes no hablen español, fueron factores que limitaron desarrollar al 100% el estudio; sin embargo, se considera que se tienen los elementos necesarios para establecer la línea base de la situación de San José del Carmen. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico servirá como una herramienta para establecer una intervención a través de innovaciones y planes de negocios en la comunidad de estudio. Los pobladores cuentan con herramientas necesarias para obtener nuevos conocimientos que ayuden a un desarrollo de su producción. El idioma no deberá de ser una limitante para ello.

CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE AMÊNDOAS E QUALIDADE DE LIQUOR DE CACAU (Theobroma cacao L.) SUPERIOR BAHIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. Melo Neto ◽  
E.A. Carvalho ◽  
D.L.N. Mello ◽  
A.C. Anjos ◽  
A.C.R. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L
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