scholarly journals Endocranial Anatomy of the Giant Extinct Australian Mihirung Birds (Aves, Dromornithidae)

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Warren D. Handley ◽  
Trevor H. Worthy
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Trophic Niche ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Morphometric Methods ◽  
Extinct Group ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain

Dromornithids are an extinct group of large flightless birds from the Cenozoic of Australia. Their record extends from the Eocene to the late Pleistocene. Four genera and eight species are currently recognised, with diversity highest in the Miocene. Dromornithids were once considered ratites, but since the discovery of cranial elements, phylogenetic analyses have placed them near the base of the anseriforms or, most recently, resolved them as stem galliforms. In this study, we use morphometric methods to comprehensively describe dromornithid endocranial morphology for the first time, comparing Ilbandornis woodburnei and three species of Dromornis to one another and to four species of extant basal galloanseres. We reveal that major endocranial reconfiguration was associated with cranial foreshortening in a temporal series along the Dromornis lineage. Five key differences are evident between the brain morphology of Ilbandornis and Dromornis, relating to the medial wulst, the ventral eminence of the caudoventral telencephalon, and morphology of the metencephalon (cerebellum + pons). Additionally, dromornithid brains display distinctive dorsal (rostral position of the wulst), and ventral morphology (form of the maxillomandibular [V2+V3], glossopharyngeal [IX], and vagus [X] cranial nerves), supporting hypotheses that dromornithids are more closely related to basal galliforms than anseriforms. Functional interpretations suggest that dromornithids were specialised herbivores that likely possessed well-developed stereoscopic depth perception, were diurnal and targeted a soft browse trophic niche.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE BRAIN (C71). POPULATION-BASED STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-499
Author(s):  
Vakhtang Merabishvili ◽  
Kalyango Kennet ◽  
M. Valkov ◽  
Andrey Dyachenko
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain

Malignant neoplasms of the brain (BMN) in accordance with the international classification of the diseases (ICD-10) belong to the rubric C71. However, in the world and Russia it is customary to understand this term as the entire block of localizations related to the brain - rubrics C70-71. The topographic codes C70 (meninges), C71 (brain) and C72 (spinal cord, cranial nerves and other parts of the central nervous system) make up a small proportion among MN in general. In addition, all the summary data WHO-IARC and Russia as a rule aggregate the CNS tumors under the three heading ICD - 10 (ICDO-3) C70-72. With the developments in Russia of the system of Population cancer registries, it became possible to study the patterns of dynamics of incidence and to calculate the survival rate of patients with malignant necrosis in each ICD-10 section. This study presents the population-based analysis of incidence and mortality from BMN using available sources and, for the first time in Russia, the analysis of the dynamics of the survival among the patients with BMN under the rubric C71 is performed.

The Latero-Medial Inferior Pontine Syndrome

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward L. Applebaum ◽  
R. J. Lawrence Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Vascular Lesion ◽  
Diagnostic Evaluation ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Brain Scan ◽  
First Time ◽  
Total Deafness ◽  
The Brain

A case is presented with a pontine vascular lesion involving the V, VI, VII, and VIII cranial nerves. The diagnostic evaluation included audiometry and electronystagmography as well as arteriography, pneumoencephalography, and brain scan. Total deafness developed in the involved ear and was present for seven weeks before complete recovery occurred. Electronystagmographic findings consistent with a brain stem lesion also resolved following recovery of the patient. Audiometry and electronystagmography are described and documented for the first time in a report of a patient with a latero-medial inferior pontine syndrome. A discussion of some of the unique features of the brain stem vasculature and its relationship to clinical syndromes involving the brain stem is given.

scholarly journals Investigation of some aspects of the Neuro-Morphometry of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
I. L Usende
Keyword(s):  
Optic Tectum ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The brain is one of the most important organs, as it controls numerous bodily functions. Due to its crucial regulatory roles, the nervous system of fishes and especially the brain needs more research. Catfish (order Siluriformes or Nematognathi) are ray finned fish, named for their prominent whiskers (barbels), which resembles the whisker of a cat. The Nigerian cultured catfish (Clarias gariepinus) have small eyes and wide mouths, which suggest low dependence on vision, nocturnal activity, and predatory habits. Herein, we describe the gross morphology and morphometrics of the brain of Clarias gariepinus. Five apparently healthy adult catfish (Clarias gariepinus) without sex differences were used. Cranial nerves and spinal cord were severed as the brain case was removed, after which all the morphological descriptions were done. Ten morphometric parameters were also measured. The generated data were graphically illustrated with scatterplot and biplot, as well; the regression analysis showing the stepwise fit for the prediction of the brain weight from other measured parameters was also presented. The olfactory bulb is large, somewhat rounded and rostral. The cerebellumin all examined brain was the largest structure of the brain with a cerebellar length and width of 1.16±0.11 cm and 0.82±0.03, respectively. The optic tectum, lobusvagi, lobusfacialis and eminentiagranularis were also well developed but small in size. Although, the behavior of the catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is still unknown, the relative proportion of the cerebellum, optic tectum, eminentiagranularis, lobusfacialis and lobusvagi, might be related to carnivory and an enhanced capacity for food selection in this species. In conclusion, the report herein has helped to provide useful information for the first time on morphology of the brains of Clarias gariepinus cultured in Nigeria, for understanding of the neurobehaviour and habits of this species.

scholarly journals The brain of Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1850) (Teleostei: Characiformes: Bryconidae): gross morphology and phylogenetic considerations

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago N. A. Pereira ◽  
Ricardo M. C. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Detailed Protocol

ABSTRACT The brain of Brycon orbignyanus is described as a model for future studies of the gross morphology of the central nervous system in Characiformes. The study of brain gross morphology of 48 distinct taxa of Characiformes, one of Cypriniformes, two of Siluriformes and two of Gymnotiformes, allowed us to propose, for the first time, six putative brain synapomorphies for the Characiformes and also two possibly unique gross brain morphology characters for the Siluriformes. A detailed protocol for the extraction of the brain in Characiformes is also provided.

scholarly journals Towards a Natural Classification of Hyphodontia Sensu Lato and the Trait Evolution of Basidiocarps within Hymenochaetales (Basidiomycota)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 478
Author(s):  
Xue-Wei Wang ◽  
Tom W. May ◽  
Shi-Liang Liu ◽  
Li-Wei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Trait Evolution ◽  
Natural Classification ◽  
Multiple Loci ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Perspective ◽  
Taxonomic Framework ◽  
First Time

Hyphodontia sensu lato, belonging to Hymenochaetales, accommodates corticioid wood-inhabiting basidiomycetous fungi with resupinate basidiocarps and diverse hymenophoral characters. Species diversity of Hyphodontia sensu lato has been extensively explored worldwide, but in previous studies the six accepted genera in Hyphodontia sensu lato, viz. Fasciodontia, Hastodontia, Hyphodontia, Kneiffiella, Lyomyces and Xylodon were not all strongly supported from a phylogenetic perspective. Moreover, the relationships among these six genera in Hyphodontia sensu lato and other lineages within Hymenochaetales are not clear. In this study, we performed comprehensive phylogenetic analyses on the basis of multiple loci. For the first time, the independence of each of the six genera receives strong phylogenetic support. The six genera are separated in four clades within Hymenochaetales: Fasciodontia, Lyomyces and Xylodon are accepted as members of a previously known family Schizoporaceae, Kneiffiella and Hyphodontia are, respectively, placed in two monotypic families, viz. a previous name Chaetoporellaceae and a newly introduced name Hyphodontiaceae, and Hastodontia is considered to be a genus with an uncertain taxonomic position at the family rank within Hymenochaetales. The three families emerged between 61.51 and 195.87 million years ago. Compared to other families in the Hymenochaetales, these ages are more or less similar to those of Coltriciaceae, Hymenochaetaceae and Oxyporaceae, but much older than those of the two families Neoantrodiellaceae and Nigrofomitaceae. In regard to species, two, one, three and 10 species are newly described from Hyphodontia, Kneiffiella, Lyomyces and Xylodon, respectively. The taxonomic status of additional 30 species names from these four genera is briefly discussed; an epitype is designated for X. australis. The resupinate habit and poroid hymenophoral configuration were evaluated as the ancestral state of basidiocarps within Hymenochaetales. The resupinate habit mainly remains, while the hymenophoral configuration mainly evolves to the grandinioid-odontioid state and also back to the poroid state at the family level. Generally, a taxonomic framework for Hymenochaetales with an emphasis on members belonging to Hyphodontia sensu lato is constructed, and trait evolution of basidiocarps within Hymenochaetales is revealed accordingly.

scholarly journals An exceptionally preserved conulariid from Ordovician erratics of Northern European Lowlands

PalZ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Consuelo Sendino ◽  
Martin M. Bochmann
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Current Location ◽  
Transport Direction ◽  
First Time ◽  
Erratic Boulder

AbstractA conulariid preserved in three dimensions from Ordovician fluvioglacial erratics of the Northern European Lowlands (North German Plain) is described under open nomenclature. It is assigned to the genus Conularia with similarities to Baltoscandian conulariids. The lithology of the erratic boulder and fauna contained in it provide important information on the origin and transport direction of the sediment preserved in a kame from the Saalian glaciation. This paper deals with the site of origin of the boulder in Baltoscandia analysing the comprised palaeofauna, from a palaeostratigraphic and palaeogeographic point of view, from its deposition in Ordovician times until its arrival at its current location in the Late Pleistocene. It also reveals for the first time the internal structure of the conulariid aperture.

Information-based decoding of the coupling among human brain activity and movement paths

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shahul Mujib Kamal ◽  
Norazryana Mat Dawi ◽  
Hamidreza Namazi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Physiological Signals ◽  
Human Walking ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Rehabilitation Science ◽  
Information Contents ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Reaction

BACKGROUND: Walking like many other actions of a human is controlled by the brain through the nervous system. In fact, if a problem occurs in our brain, we cannot walk correctly. Therefore, the analysis of the coupling of brain activity and walking is very important especially in rehabilitation science. The complexity of movement paths is one of the factors that affect human walking. For instance, if we walk on a path that is more complex, our brain activity increases to adjust our movements. OBJECTIVE: This study for the first time analyzed the coupling of walking paths and brain reaction from the information point of view. METHODS: We analyzed the Shannon entropy for electroencephalography (EEG) signals versus the walking paths in order to relate their information contents. RESULTS: According to the results, walking on a path that contains more information causes more information in EEG signals. A strong correlation (p= 0.9999) was observed between the information contents of EEG signals and walking paths. Our method of analysis can also be used to investigate the relation among other physiological signals of a human and walking paths, which has great benefits in rehabilitation science.

Preservation of cranial nerves during removal of the brain for an enhanced student experience in neuroanatomy classes

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Long ◽  
David J.H. Roberts ◽  
James D. Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Student Experience ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of anandamide and N-palmitoylethanolamine by sequential actions of phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase D

2004 ◽  
Vol 380 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Xin SUN ◽  
Kazuhito TSUBOI ◽  
Yasuo OKAMOTO ◽  
Takeharu TONAI ◽  
Makoto MURAKAMI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Brain Homogenate ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Lysophospholipase D ◽  
Pla2 Enzyme ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
The Brain

Anandamide (an endocannabinoid) and other bioactive long-chain NAEs (N-acylethanolamines) are formed by direct release from N-acyl-PE (N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine) by a PLD (phospholipase D). However, the possible presence of a two-step pathway from N-acyl-PE has also been suggested previously, which comprises (1) the hydrolysis of N-acyl-PE to N-acyl-lysoPE by PLA1/PLA2 enzyme(s) and (2) the release of NAEs from N-acyllysoPE by lysoPLD (lysophospholipase D) enzyme(s). In the present study we report for the first time the characterization of enzymes responsible for this pathway. The PLA1/PLA2 activity for N-palmitoyl-PE was found in various rat tissues, with the highest activity in the stomach. This stomach enzyme was identified as group IB sPLA2 (secretory PLA2), and its product was determined as N-acyl-1-acyl-lysoPE. Recombinant group IB, IIA and V of sPLA2s were also active with N-palmitoyl-PE, whereas group X sPLA2 and cytosolic PLA2α were inactive. In addition, we found wide distribution of lysoPLD activity generating N-palmitoylethanolamine from N-palmitoyl-lysoPE in rat tissues, with higher activities in the brain and testis. Based on several lines of enzymological evidence, the lysoPLD enzyme could be distinct from the known N-acyl-PE-hydrolysing PLD. sPLA2-IB dose dependently enhanced the production of N-palmitoylethanolamine from N-palmitoyl-PE in the brain homogenate showing the lysoPLD activity. N-Arachidonoyl-PE and N-arachidonoyl-lysoPE as anandamide precursors were also good substrates of sPLA2-IB and the lysoPLD respectively. These results suggest that the sequential actions of PLA2 and lysoPLD may constitute another biosynthetic pathway for NAEs, including anandamide.

NO nerves in a tapeworm. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry in adult Hymenolepis diminuta

Parasitology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 559-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. S. Gustafsson ◽  
A. M. Lindholm ◽  
N. B. Terenina ◽  
M. Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Internal Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nerve Cords

SUMMARYThe free radical nitric oxide (NO), which is synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), has recently been discovered to function as a neuronal messenger. The presence of NOS was detected in the nervous system of adult Hymenolepis diminuta with NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. The NADPH-d histochemical reaction is regarded as a selective marker for NOS in neuronal tissue. NADPH-d staining was observed in nerve fibres in the main and minor nerve cords and the transverse ring commissures, and in cell bodies in the brain commissure, along the main nerve cords, in the suckers and the rostellar sac. NADPH-d staining was also observed in the wall of the internal seminal vesicle and the genital atrium. The pattern of NADPH-d staining was compared with that of the 5-HT immunoreactive nervous elements. The NADPH-d staining reaction and the 5-HT immunoreactivity occur in separate sets of neurons. This is the first time the NADPH-d reaction has been demonstrated in the nervous system of a flatworm, indicating that NOS is present and that NO can be produced at this level of evolution.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document