scholarly journals Liver Lipid Accumulation in European Bullhead (Cottus cobio) from a High-Mountain Lake: An Adaptive Strategy to Survive the Adverse Winter Season

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 442
Author(s):  
Paolo Pastorino ◽  
Marco Bertoli ◽  
Manuel Kušće ◽  
Piero Giulio Giulianini ◽  
Vasco Menconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Cottus Gobio

The hypothesis that liver lipid accumulation in fish is an adaptive strategy to survive the winter in the high-altitude environment was assessed in this study. During summer 2019, specimens of Cottus gobio were sampled in 15 watercourses of Friuli Venezia-Giulia Region (Italy) to verify if hepatic steatosis is or not normally present in the species. To do this, hepatic vacuolization was assessed by histology using a semiquantitative score. Furthermore, C. gobio were also captured during the ice-free season at Dimon Lake (1872 m a.s.l.) and But Stream (520 m a.s.l.) to compare the trend in lipid accumulation: water temperature, hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), Fulton’s condition factor (K), and lipid area percentage (lipid %) were measured monthly. Findings revealed that liver steatosis is rather common in C. gobio. However, the trend in lipid accumulation of this species differed between Dimon Lake and But Stream. Based on the HSI and the GSI, the reproductive cycles differed in fish from the two environments (April–May in But Stream; May–June in Dimon Lake). While K values remained unchanged in the But Stream specimens, significant changes were recorded for Dimon specimens. The increase in lipid % from July to August in the Dimon Lake specimens coincided with greater food availability. With the rapid drop in lake water temperature in October, the lipid % decreased due to slower metabolic rate and lipid utilization from liver stores. There was a slight decrease in lipid % in the But Stream specimens, indicating that lipids were not being accumulated. Introduced years ago, the Dimon Lake bullhead population has since adapted to the winter conditions at high elevation.

scholarly journals Hepatic Steatosis in a Bullhead (Cottus gobio) Population from a High-Mountain Lake (Carnic Alps): Adaptation to an Extreme Ecosystem?

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Pastorino ◽  
Marino Prearo ◽  
Elisabetta Pizzul ◽  
Marco Bertoli ◽  
Danila Raffaella Francese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
Mountain Lake ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Carnic Alps ◽  
High Mountain Lake ◽  
Whitney Test ◽  
Cottus Gobio ◽  
Mann Whitney Test ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this study was to describe liver alterations observed in a bullhead (Cottus gobio) population from a high-mountain lake (Dimon Lake; 1857 m a.s.l.) located in Carnic Alps (Northeast Italy). Two fish sampling campaigns (summer and autumn) were performed in 2017 to explore the possible causes of this phenomenon. In addition, to investigate the typical liver features of C. gobio, control specimens were captured from Degano Creek in the same seasons. Total length, weight, and liver weight were recorded in fish from both sampling sites. In addition, Fulton’s condition factor (K) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were calculated. Stomach contents were also analyzed. Liver from each specimen was sampled, and histological examination was carried out. Liver steatosis (L) (nuclear displacement and cytoplasm vacuolization) were histologically evaluated by assigning a semiquantitative severity score. A significant difference in L was found between Dimon Lake and Degano Creek in both summer (Mann–Whitney test; p = 0.0001) and autumn (Mann–Whitney test; p < 0.0001). Regarding HSI, a significant difference was also recorded between Dimon Lake and Degano Creek in summer (Mann–Whitney test; p < 0.0001) and also in autumn (Mann–Whitney test; p < 0.0001), but no seasonal change in K values was recorded between the two sites in both summer (Mann–Whitney test; p = 0.8589) and autumn (Mann–Whitney test; p = 0.6415). A significant positive correlation between HSI and L was found (ρS 0.573). The causes of this abnormality might be related to adaptation by the fish to the high-altitude environment, accumulating lipids in the liver to tackle the adverse season, which lasts for 6 months of the year. Nonetheless, our study does not preclude steatosis induced by a nearly exclusive chironomids diet in bullhead from Dimon Lake.

scholarly journals Studies on gonadosomatic index, fecundity and hatchability of domesticated stock of asala Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) from Nallu River of Lalitpur District

Our Nature ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Suresh Kumar Wagle
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Schizothorax Richardsonii ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Frequent Observation ◽  
Hatching Rates

The present work embodies studies on the reproductive capacity of captive stock of asala Schizothorax richardsonii collected from Nallu River of Lalitpur district. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) estimates ranged from 3.08±0.9% in May to 26.55±1.8% in November. Positive correlation (r=0.667) was found between egg size and GSI. The egg size (2.7 to 2.9 mm) in October and November was significantly (P<0.01) larger than the eggs measured in other months. Based on peak GSI level, S. richardsonii spawned by manual stripping in two breeding season i.e. winter (October-November) and summer (Mach-April) in Godawari (1500 masl). Mean incubation period of fertilized eggs was 259 h and 248 h during winter and summer season at 14.2 to17.5 oC and 14.5 to15.5 oC water temperature, respectively. Percent hatching rates of eggs ranged between 38 to 90% and were not significantly different (P>0.05) between breeding seasons. Overripe eggs obtained during winter season breeding (16.5%) were significantly higher (P<0.01) than the summer season breeding (3.6%).  This suggests that more frequent observation of the spawner is necessary during winter season for recognizing their appropriateness to ovulation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v12i1.12253Our Nature (2014), 12(1): 19-27

Acute Elevated Resistin Exacerbates Mitochondrial Damage and Aggravates Liver Steatosis Through AMPK/PGC-1α Signaling Pathway in Male NAFLD Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengyun Wen ◽  
Zhuoyan Shi ◽  
Xiaoping Liu ◽  
Yuguang Tan ◽  
Lan Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Hepg2 Cells ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Mitochondrial Content ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Related Development ◽  
Liver Lipid Metabolism

AbstractResistin was identified as a link between obesity and insulin resistance and is associated with many diseases in mice. Deciphering the related development and molecular mechanism is necessary for the treatment of these diseases. Previous studies have revealed that increased resistin levels are correlated with lipid accumulation and play a role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. However, the exact mechanisms underlying these processes remain unclear. To further clarify whether acute elevated resistin level exacerbated liver steatosis, a high-fat diet-induced NAFLD animal model was used and treated with or without resistin for 6 days. We discovered that resistin altered mitochondrial morphology, decreased mitochondrial content, and increased lipid accumulation in HFD mice. qRT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that acute elevated resistin significantly altered the gene expression of mitochondrial biogenesis and liver lipid metabolism molecules in HFD mice. Consequently, in vitro experiments verified that resistin reduced the mitochondrial content, impaired the mitochondrial function and increased the lipid accumulation of palmitate-treated HepG2 cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that resistin upregulated proinflammatory factors, which confirmed that resistin promoted the development of inflammation in NAFLD mice and palmitate-treated HepG2 cells. Signaling-transduction analysis demonstrated that acute elevated resistin aggravated liver steatosis through AMPK/PGC-1α pathway in male mice. This reveals a novel pathway through which lipogenesis is induced by resistin and suggests that maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis may be key to treatments for preventing resistin-induced NAFLD aggravation.

scholarly journals Aqueous Extract of Pepino Leaves Ameliorates Palmitic Acid-Induced Hepatocellular Lipotoxicity via Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 903
Author(s):  
Jen-Ying Hsu ◽  
Hui-Hsuan Lin ◽  
Charng-Cherng Chyau ◽  
Zhi-Hong Wang ◽  
Jing-Hsien Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Hepg2 Cells ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Nrf2 Expression

Saturated fatty acid is one of the important nutrients, but contributes to lipotoxicity in the liver, causing hepatic steatosis. Aqueous pepino leaf extract (AEPL) in the previous study revealed alleviated liver lipid accumulation in metabolic syndrome mice. The study aimed to investigate the mechanism of AEPL on saturated long-chain fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Moreover, the phytochemical composition of AEPL was identified in the present study. HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid (PA) were used for exploring the effect of AEPL on lipid accumulation, apoptosis, ER stress, and antioxidant response. The chemical composition of AEPL was analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. AEPL treatment reduced PA-induced ROS production and lipid accumulation. Further molecular results revealed that AEPL restored cytochrome c in mitochondria and decreased caspase 3 activity to cease apoptosis. In addition, AEPL in PA-stressed HepG2 cells significantly reduced the ER stress and suppressed SREBP-1 activation for decreasing lipogenesis. For defending PA-induced oxidative stress, AEPL promoted Nrf2 expression and its target genes, SOD1 and GPX3, expressions. The present study suggested that AEPL protected from PA-induced lipotoxicity through reducing ER stress, increasing antioxidant ability, and inhibiting apoptosis. The efficacy of AEPL on lipotoxicity was probably concerned with kaempferol and isorhamnetin derived compounds.

scholarly journals Responses of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities of Two Tropical, High-Mountain Lakes to Climate Change and Deacidification

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Javier Alcocer ◽  
Luis A. Oseguera ◽  
Diana Ibarra-Morales ◽  
Elva Escobar ◽  
Lucero García-Cid
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Mountain Lakes ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Communities ◽  
High Mountain Lakes ◽  
La Luna

High-mountain lakes are among the most comparable ecosystems globally and recognized sentinels of global change. The present study pursued to identify how the benthic macroinvertebrates (BMI) communities of two tropical, high mountain lakes, El Sol and La Luna, Central Mexico, have been affected by global/regional environmental pressures. We compared the environmental characteristics and the BMI communities between 2000–2001 and 2017–2018. We identified three principal environmental changes (the air and water temperature increased, the lakes’ water level declined, and the pH augmented and became more variable), and four principal ecological changes in the BMI communities [a species richness reduction (7 to 4), a composition change, and a dominant species replacement all of them in Lake El Sol, a species richness increase (2 to 4) in Lake La Luna, and a drastic reduction in density (38% and 90%) and biomass (92%) in both lakes]. The air and water temperature increased 0.5 °C, and lakes water level declined 1.5 m, all suggesting an outcome of climate change. Contrarily to the expected acidification associated with acid precipitation, both lakes deacidified, and the annual pH fluctuation augmented. The causes of the deacidification and the deleterious impacts on the BMI communities remained to be identified.

Abstract 037: Role of Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) Specific PTP1B in Differential Regulation of Blood Pressure, Liver Lipid Accumulation and Glucose Tolerance in Response to a High Fat Diet

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Aberdein ◽  
Jussara M do Carmo ◽  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Taolin Fang ◽  
Cecilia P de Lara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
High Fat

Obese subjects are often resistant to leptin’s metabolic effects although blood pressure (BP) and sympathetic nervous system responses appear to be preserved. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a negative regulator of leptin signaling, may play a role in promoting this selective leptin resistance and causing metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Our previous studies suggest that the chronic BP responses to leptin are mediated via activation of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. The goal of this study was to determine if PTP1B in POMC neurons differentially controls metabolic functions and BP in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). Male mice with POMC specific PTP1B deletion (POMC/PTP1B -/- ) and littermate controls (PTP1B flox/flox ) were fed a HFD from 6 to 22 wks of age. Baseline BP after 16 weeks of a HFD (95±2 vs. 95±3 mmHg) and BP responses to acute stress (Δ32±0 vs. Δ32±6 mmHg), measured by telemetry, were not different in POMC/PTP1B -/- compared to control mice, respectively. Heart rate (HR) was not different in POMC/PTP1B -/- and control mice during acute stress (699±4 vs. 697±15 bpm, respectively). Total body weight (TBW) and fat mass were reduced at 20 weeks of age in POMC/PTP1B -/- compared to controls (36.7±0.1 vs. 42.0±1 g TBW and 12.7±0.4 vs. 16.1±1.0 g fat mass, respectively). Liver weight of POMC/PTP1B -/- mice was less than in controls, and this was evident even when liver weight was normalized as % of TBW (4.5±0.2 vs. 5.0±0.2 %). POMC/PTP1B -/- males had reduced liver lipid accumulation compared to controls as measured by EchoMRI (0.08±0.03 vs. 0.15±0.03 g/g liver weight). Glucose tolerance was also improved by 46% in POMC/PTP1B -/- compared to controls as measured by AUC, 25856±1683 vs. 47267±5616 mg/dLx120min, respectively. These findings indicate that PTP1B signaling in POMC neurons plays a crucial role in regulating liver lipid accumulation and glucose tolerance but does not appear to mediate changes in BP or BP responses to acute stress in mice fed a high HFD (supported by NHLBI-PO1HL51971 and NIGMS P20GM104357)

scholarly journals High mountain community in a changing climate: a study of agropastoral adaptation in mustang district, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
Prakash Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Sovereignty ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Community Capacity ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
Mountain Community

This paper explores the changing climate, its impact, and the diversified practices of agropastoral adaption by a mountain community of Nepal. The findings reveal that there is an unswerving link between the changes in climate and their impact on the community and its adaptation options. The vulnerability and risk induced by the climate change has threatened the agropastoral subsistence, the sociocultural and economic structure, and the food sovereignty of the Loba community of Mustang district of Nepal and made them experience unanticipated complications in livelihood. In a changing climate, the community has attuned and restructured its adaptive strategy with diversified practices of collective labour in a traditional agropastoral system of landholding, mystical connectivity and seasonal relocation as an adaptive response ensuring the shared sustenance of the com munity. The challenge of climate change began long ago; it will persevere and be long- lasting. Hence, this paper argues for the need for a prudent adoption of measures to maintain an environmentally suitable agropastoral system of liveli hood well-being. Beyond enhancing community capacity and climate resilience, it is necessary to streamline and readjust indigenous sociocultural institutions by expanding their adaptive capacity, while recognizing the cultural dimensions grounded in systems of meanings and relationships and the way people and their culture experience and respond to exceptional climatic changes.

scholarly journals Reproductive Performances and Egg Qualities in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Broodstocks Supplemented with Curcumin and Thyroxine Hormone

Omni-Akuatika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Livana Dethris Rawung ◽  
Damiana Rita Ekastuti ◽  
Muhammad Zairin Junior ◽  
Min Rahminiwati ◽  
Ade Sunarma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Significant Difference

An experiment was designed to study the effects of curcumin and thyroxine hormone supplementation in the diet to improve the reproductive performance of catfish broodstock by improving egg quality that eventually increases the production of seedlings. Catfish used in this experiment were supplemented with curcumin and thyroxine hormone through their feeds for 12 weeks. The results showed that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), percentage of gonad maturity, total cholesterol concentration in the spawned eggs, high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration in the spawned eggs, fertilization rate of spawned eggs, and hatching rate of fertilized eggs.  However, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the concentration of vitellogenin in the spawned eggs, egg diameter of the spawned eggs, and the triglycerides contents of spawned eggs. It was concluded that curcumin and thyroxine supplementations of African catfish increased vitellogenin concentrations and diameters of spawned eggs that have great potential to improve the reproductive performance.

Small-scale temporal and spatial variation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) life history

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1111-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara M McIntyre ◽  
Jeffrey A Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Georges Bank ◽  
High Fecundity

Life histories of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to Georges Bank differ significantly through time and space. Within the Southern Gulf, fecundity per unit body mass differed by more than 40% over short (2 years) and long (42–45 years) periods of time. Significant variation in size-specific fecundity is also evident among populations: Southern Gulf cod produce almost 30% more eggs per unit body mass than those on Georges Bank, whereas fecundity of Scotian Shelf cod is almost half that of cod in Sydney Bight. Compared with those on Georges Bank, Southern Gulf cod life histories are characterized by high fecundity, late maturity, high gonadosomatic index, and large eggs. Relative to the influence of body size, neither temporal nor spatial differences in fecundity can be attributed to physiological condition, as reflected by liver weight, hepatosomatic index, and Fulton's K. Delayed maturity and higher reproductive allotment among Southern Gulf cod can be explained as selection responses to slower growth, higher prereproductive mortality, and fewer lifetime reproductive events. Patterns of covariation in heritable, fitness-related traits suggest the existence of adaptive variation and evolutionarily significant units at spatial scales considerably smaller than the species range in the Northwest Atlantic.

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