scholarly journals A Review of the Ecomorphology of Pinnotherine Pea Crabs (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae), with an Updated List of Symbiont-Host Associations

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 431
Author(s):  
Werner de Gier ◽  
Carola Becker
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Diversity ◽  
Crab Species ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstructions ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
Pea Crab ◽  
Reproductive Anatomy ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Host Associations

Almost all pea crab species in the subfamily Pinnotherinae (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) are considered obligatory endo- or ectosymbionts, living in a mutualistic or parasitic relationship with a wide variety of invertebrate hosts, including bivalves, gastropods, echinoids, holothurians, and ascidians. While the subfamily is regarded as one of the most morphologically adapted groups of symbiotic crabs, the functionality of these adaptations in relation to their lifestyles has not been reviewed before. Available information on the ecomorphological adaptations of various pinnotherine crab species and their functionality was compiled in order to clarify their ecological diversity. These include the size, shape, and ornamentations of the carapace, the frontal appendages and mouthparts, the cheliped morphology, the ambulatory legs, and the reproductive anatomy and larval characters. The phylogenetic relevance of the adaptations is also reviewed and suggestions for future studies are made. Based on an updated list of all known pinnotherine symbiont–host associations and the available phylogenetic reconstructions, it is concluded that, due to convergent evolution, unrelated species with a similar host interaction might display the same morphological adaptations.

Foliar habit in mistletoe–host associations

Botany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Glatzel ◽  
Hanno Richter ◽  
Mohan Prasad Devkota ◽  
Guillermo Amico ◽  
Sugwang Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Nutrient Conservation ◽  
Large Vessels ◽  
Host Associations

Foliar habit in parasite–host associations of mistletoes and trees is a neglected aspect in the discussion of foliar habit of woody plants. Almost all of the world’s mistletoe species are evergreen, regardless of the foliar habit of their hosts. Deciduous mistletoes are rare and confined to the northern fringes of Loranthaceae in Eurasia, and to Misodendraceae and the monotypic genus Desmaria (Loranthaceae) in southern South America. There are no deciduous mistletoes in the tropics and subtropics. Based on existing information and hypotheses on foliar habit, we asked why the majority of mistletoe species is evergreen, even on deciduous hosts, and why seasonality is apparently no driver for the evolution of deciduousness in parasite–host systems. We postulate that nutrient conservation is the main driver for evergreenness in mistletoes. Based on our own observations of wood anatomy in the host–haustorium–mistletoe continuum we hypothesize that the phenomenon of deciduousness in northerly Loranthus species is a consequence of interrupted water supply in large vessels after frost. In South America we could not find a consistent correlation between wood anatomy and deciduousness. We assume that deciduousness in these mistletoes evolved long ago in Antarctic forests under climatic and ecological conditions quite different from today.

Patterns in the distribution of Melanesian land Mollusca

1969 ◽  
Vol 255 (800) ◽  
pp. 285-306 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Region ◽  
Ecological Diversity ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Distributional Patterns ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Biological Attributes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Available Information

Melanesia is important in any discussion concerned with the distribution of terrestrial Mollusca in the Pacific region, as a zone exhibiting an intermingling of faunas derived from different geographical areas. Along the chain of islands constituting Melanesia these faunal elements exhibit changing patterns consistent with island hopping across water gaps. Yet the numbers of species of Mollusca on these islands show a positive correlation with the size of the individual islands (figure 19) and not, as might be expected, with the distance of particular taxonomic groups from centres of dispersal. Variations in this pattern can be attributed to differences in the isolation of islands, ecological diversity and the paucity of collecting in many areas. It should be realized that the distributional patterns recorded for any particular taxon must reflect the frequency and density of collecting and the inadequacies of the systematics of the group, besides biological attributes of the taxon and the island. The limitations should not distract, however, from attempts to analyse the available information, instead they must serve as a guide to the difficulties involved.

scholarly journals The Profile of Carotenoids and Other Bioactive Molecules in Various Pumpkin Fruits (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne) Cultivars

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (18) ◽  
pp. 3212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Kulczyński ◽  
Anna Gramza-Michałowska
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Baked Goods ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Available Information

Bioactive compounds are significant to human nutrition. They are beneficial to health as they inhibit the development of numerous diseases of affluence. Scientists continuously search for natural sources of these components. At present, the chemical composition of various plants is under investigation. Many researchers are interested in pumpkin (Cucurbita L. spp.). Different organs of this plant (pulp, seeds, flowers, leaves, shoots, roots) are consumed almost all over the world. They contain large amounts of bioactive compounds. Pumpkin pulp is used to prepare various dishes. It is also widely used in the food industry for the production of pastries, baked goods, juices, jams, marinades, and baby food. The content of carotenoids in the pumpkin has been documented in a large number of publications. However, so far there has been no complex analysis of the profile of other bioactive compounds. This article analyses 11 pumpkin cultivars of the Cucurbita maxima Duchesne species. It compares the chemical composition of the pulp and analyses the content of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, polyphenols (flavonols and phenolic acids), tocopherols, minerals (K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn), vitamins (C, B1, folates). In view of available information, the study provides an innovative approach. The analysis showed high diversity in the concentration of individual components between the cultivars. The research proved that pumpkin pulp was not only a source of carotenoids but also other bioactive compounds.

scholarly journals Microalgae use in animal nutrition

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. e53101622986
Author(s):  
Camilla Mariane Menezes Souza ◽  
Taís Silvino Bastos ◽  
Marley Conceição dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Immune Status ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Intestinal Function ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Stimulation Of

Looking for alternative sources in animal nutrition, microalgae began to be explored, gaining space in commercial production. The aim of this review is to present available information about the use of microalgae in animal nutrition, as well as its effect and applications. Many microalgae are important sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These PUFA is poorly synthesized by animals, so they should be included in their diet. In addition, they are a rich source of almost all of the important minerals as well as vitamins. Additionally, some microalgae generally have a high protein content and high digestibility. In this context, microalgae already available on the market, become an alternative replacing conventional ingredients. To our knowledge, the use of small amounts of microalgae biomass in the feed can benefit the physiology of the animals, improving the immune response, resistance to diseases, antiviral and antibacterial action, intestinal function, and stimulation of probiotic colonization. In general, the addition of these compounds to the diets of animals enhances their overall health and immune status, productivity, and the quality and stability of the resulting animal products. Although the use of microalgae is increasingly directed towards many types of animals: cats, dogs, ornamental fish, horses, poultry, swine, sheep, and cow, studies still need to be explored.

scholarly journals Dat mag in de krant! Archeohistorisch onderzoek naar de ondergang van een 19de-eeuwse tjalk op de Zuiderzee

Paleo-aktueel ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 127-135
Author(s):  
Yftinus van Popta
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Digital Archives ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Local Newspaper ◽  
Onderzoek Naar ◽  
New Research ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The 19Th Century

This must be in the newspaper! Archaeo-historical research into the wreck of a 19th century sailing barge on the Zuiderzee. This paper focuses on a flat-bottomed sailing barge (known as a tjalk) built in the 19th-century that was wrecked on the Zuiderzee, the Netherlands. The wreck of the tjalk was discovered and excavated in the 1970s on lot ZQ 18 near Zeewolde (province of Flevoland). Inside the wreck, hundreds of objects were discovered, including more than 30 scraps of printed paper that were initially interpreted as being part of a bible. New research, based on keyword analyses in digital archives, has revealed the identity of almost all of these scraps. Most of them come from several editions (1890 and 1892) of the local newspaper, called the Nieuwe Veendammer Courant. Clearly, the ship was connected to the surroundings of Veendam. This newly available information was successfully used to examine historical records that mentioned shipwrecks on the Zuiderzee from 1892 onwards. The shipwreck ZQ 18 turned out to be that of the Drie Gezusters, owned by captain W. Meijer of Wildervank, which sank on the Zuiderzee during the night of June 19, 1893.

News Gained Status but Lost Touch

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin G. Barnhurst
Keyword(s):  
Poor People ◽  
Gender Identities ◽  
Social Barriers ◽  
Know How ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the relationship between news practitioners and the audience. It discusses how reporters and especially editors have a hunger to know who is reading and viewing the news, but resist knowing the answer. They reject almost all of the available information, except what they can gather from a few proximate stand-ins they know. Reporters “have trouble crossing social barriers that separate them from strangers.” Outsiders from other classes, ethnicities, or gender identities or with less education have difficulty reaching reporters as well. Modern news requires the language of elites, which poor people, immigrants, and outsiders may not know how to produce. Editors and reporters may also be uneasy with the massive numbers of their audiences. People in aggregate seem to make poor choices by preferring gossip to real news.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of the Ornamental Fish Trade with Emphasis on Coral Reef Fishes—An Impossible Task

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica V. Biondo ◽  
Rainer P. Burki
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Coral Reef Fishes ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
Impossible Task ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Fish Trade

The multi-billion dollar trade in ornamental fishes has rarely been reliably monitored. Almost all coral reef fishes are wild-caught, and few scientific analyses have attempted to elicit exact quantities and identify species involved. The consequences of the removal of millions of these fishes are poorly understood. This article collates and examines available information, including scientific studies and formal publications, in order to create a more accurate picture of this commerce. We demonstrate that it is almost impossible to analyse the trade in marine ornamental fishes due to a lack of data, and that available data for marine species is frequently combined with that for freshwater species. Figures range from 15 to 30 million coral reef fishes being traded annually, but could be as high as 150 million specimens. The global value of this trade was only estimated for 1976 and 1999 between USD 28–40 million. This review highlights the urgent need to introduce a specific harmonised system tariff code and for a global monitoring system, such as the Trade Control and Expert System already in use in Europe, in order to gather accurate and timely information on the number and species of marine ornamental fishes in commerce, where specimens originated, and whether they were wild-caught or captive-bred.

scholarly journals Accumulation is late and brief in preferential choice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte E R Edmunds ◽  
Devdeepta Bose ◽  
Colin Camerer ◽  
Timothy L Mullett ◽  
Neil Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Preferential Choice ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Available Information

Preferential choices are often explained using models within the evidence accumulation framework: value drives the drift rate at which evidence is accumulated until a threshold is reached and an option is chosen. Although rarely stated explicitly, almost all such models assume that decision makers have knowledge at the onset of the choice of all available attributes and options. In reality however, choice information is viewed piece-by-piece, and is often not completely acquired until late in the choice, if at all. Across four eye-tracking experiments, we show that whether the information was acquired early or late is irrelevant in predicting choice: all that matters is whether or not it was acquired at all. Models with potential alternative assumptions were posited and tested, such as 1) accumulation of instantaneously available information or 2) running estimates as information is acquired. These provided poor fits to the data. We are forced to conclude that participants either are clairvoyant, accumulating using information before they have looked at it, or delay accumulating evidence until very late in the choice, so late that the majority of choice time is not time in which evidence is accumulated. Thus, although the evidence accumulation framework may still be useful in measurement models, it cannot account for the details of the processes involved in decision making.

scholarly journals Ascidian diversity of Costa Rica, including new records for the North Pacific

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (Suppl.2) ◽  
pp. S234-S245
Author(s):  
Kaylen González-Sánchez ◽  
Bryan Flores-Alvarado ◽  
Paula Montiel-Barrantes ◽  
Gonzalo Gómez-Arce ◽  
Juan-José Alvarado
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Field Trips ◽  
The North ◽  
New Material ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Santa Elena ◽  
The North Pacific

Introduction: The class Ascidiacea has about 3 000 species, which fulfill various roles in the ecosystem, for example, they filter high amounts of particles, and are shelter and food for other animals. Furthermore, the group has a high number of invasive species reported. In Costa Rica, ascidians have been barely studied. Objective: In this study, we aim to describe the diversity of ascidians in Costa Rica from new samplings in Área de Conservación Guanacaste, North Pacific, and by compiling previous reports for the entire country in order to improve the group’s state of knowledge. Methods: Samples were collected during two field trips between 2018 and 2019, at six sites within the Gulf of Santa Elena and three sites near the Murcielago Islands area. The specimens were dissected and analyzed in detail to determine the species. All the identifications were compared with the available information from literature and from museum collections. Literature, collections databases of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution and the new material collected were used to create an updated taxonomic list. Results: A total of eight species were obtained from 70 specimens. Of these, five are new reports for the country, which increase to 22 species the total number reported for Costa Rica. The most common species was Rhopalaea birkelandi, whose presence was higher in Santa Elena Bay. Conclusions: This study improved the knowledge of ascidian diversity in Costa Rica. Polyandrocarpa anguinea, reported for the first time, is considered invasive in other areas, which suggests the necessity of a continuous monitoring of its population. It is necessary to include more areas of the country since almost all the reported species come from the North Pacific; the diversity of ascidians from other parts of the country, especially the Caribbean, is still unknown.

Electrocardiographic aspects of morphogenesis of neuroleptic cardiopathy

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 608-613
Author(s):  
Vladimir P. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Structural Rearrangement ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Qtc Interval ◽  
Parametric Statistics ◽  
Rhythm Disorder ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Conduction Disorder

Neuroleptic cardiomyopathy (NCMP) is a consequence of cardiotoxic side effect of antipsychotic drugs. Changes of ECG associated with this condition are poorly known. Aim. To elucidate dynamics of ECG at different clinical stages of NCMP and evaluate its diagnostic value.Methods. We determined the frequency and informative values of 8 different ECG signs includingQTinterval corrected based at theBazettformula (QTc). Their informative value was estimated from the Kullback formula. The data obtained were analyzed by parametric and non-parametric statistics methods. Results. Pathological changes of ECG parameters associated with NCMPreflect processes of structural rearrangement in the heart at different levels of its organization. The analysis of the available information showed that almost all ECG parameters have high diagnostic value listed in the following rank order (frequency/informativeness): rhythm disorder - 1/8, prolongation ofthe QTc interval - 4/3, conduction disorder - 2/2, diffuse muscular changes - 3/1, right heart overload - 5/6, left ventricular hypertrophy - 7-8/5, impaired electrical activity of myocardium - 7-8/5, deviation of the electrical axis to the left - 6/4. It seems appropriate to distinguish the following three maximally informative (and therefore most important) ECG signs indicative of developing NCMP: diffuse muscular changes, conduction disorder, and prolongation of theQTc interval. Conclusion. The analysis of the available information provides a new insight into dynamics of ECG signs associated with NCMP and permits to estimate the diagnostic value ofpathological changes for its earlier detection.

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