Foliar habit in mistletoe–host associations

Botany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Glatzel ◽  
Hanno Richter ◽  
Mohan Prasad Devkota ◽  
Guillermo Amico ◽  
Sugwang Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Nutrient Conservation ◽  
Large Vessels ◽  
Host Associations

Foliar habit in parasite–host associations of mistletoes and trees is a neglected aspect in the discussion of foliar habit of woody plants. Almost all of the world’s mistletoe species are evergreen, regardless of the foliar habit of their hosts. Deciduous mistletoes are rare and confined to the northern fringes of Loranthaceae in Eurasia, and to Misodendraceae and the monotypic genus Desmaria (Loranthaceae) in southern South America. There are no deciduous mistletoes in the tropics and subtropics. Based on existing information and hypotheses on foliar habit, we asked why the majority of mistletoe species is evergreen, even on deciduous hosts, and why seasonality is apparently no driver for the evolution of deciduousness in parasite–host systems. We postulate that nutrient conservation is the main driver for evergreenness in mistletoes. Based on our own observations of wood anatomy in the host–haustorium–mistletoe continuum we hypothesize that the phenomenon of deciduousness in northerly Loranthus species is a consequence of interrupted water supply in large vessels after frost. In South America we could not find a consistent correlation between wood anatomy and deciduousness. We assume that deciduousness in these mistletoes evolved long ago in Antarctic forests under climatic and ecological conditions quite different from today.

Kooiichthys jono n. gen. n. sp., a primitive catfish (Teleostei, Siluriformes) from the marine Miocene of southern South America

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 791-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
María de las Mercedes Azpelicueta ◽  
Alberto Luis Cione ◽  
Mario Alberto Cozzuol ◽  
Juan Marcos Mirande
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Sea Lion ◽  
The West ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Posterior Limb ◽  
Weberian Apparatus ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Warm Temperate ◽  
Colony Area

AbstractA specimen of a remarkable new catfish genus and species was collected in middle/late Miocene marine beds of the Puerto Madryn Formation at the base of the marine cliff of the sea lion colony area near Puerto Pirámide, southern coast of Península Valdés, northeastern Patagonia, Argentina. Siluriforms (catfishes) constitute a most important monophyletic ostariophysan group of mainly freshwater fishes that occurs in almost all continents but it is especially diverse in South America. Catfishes are presently distributed in tropical to temperate areas and a small number of species are marine or amphibiotic. The new catfish shows many primitive features for catfishes in the maxilla, autopalatine, hyal elements, and Weberian apparatus. The genus is clearly distinguished by four autapomorphies: sand clock–shaped autopalatine, posterior limb of autopalatine widening strongly, post-articular arm of autopalatine longer, and a metapterygoid longer than broad. One tree was obtained both under equal and implied weighting with the following topology: a basal polytomy in the Siluriformes formed by Diplomystidae, Bachmanniidae, Kooiichthys and the Siluroidei. The new species appears to have been a marine or amphibiotic taxon: it was collected in beds considered to represent the Maximum Flooding Horizon of the transgression that deposited the Puerto Madryn Formation. The coast at this moment was at approximately 90 km to the west. According to faunistic evidence, the sea was warm temperate.

New synonyms of Philonotis polymorpha (Bartramiaceae, Bryophyta) from Southern South America

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 277 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOLEDAD JIMENEZ ◽  
GUILLERMO M. SUÁREZ
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
New Synonym ◽  
Subantarctic Islands ◽  
Acuminate Apex ◽  
Wet Rocks ◽  
Almost All

Philonotis polymorpha (Müller 1883: 79) Kindberg (1889: 79) is a circumsubantarctic species recorded for almost all subantarctic islands, central and southern Chile and Argentina (Ochyra et al., 2008; Müller, 2009; Bednarek-Ochyra, 2014). It was first described as Bartramia polymorpha Müll. Hal. based on specimens collected on Îles Kerguelen by Naumann in 1874, and subsequently transferred to Philonotis (Bridel 1827: 15) by Kindberg (1889). It is a medium sized plant, yellowish-green to reddish-brown below, commonly found growing sterile on wet rocks or soil in forests, near rivers and waterfalls. Diagnostic characters of this species are the dimorphic leaves, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, the abruptly short-acuminate apex, margins plane, serrate at the apex, entire at the base, the excurrent, robust and well defined costae, ending in a mucro, and the papillae projecting at proximal angles of laminal cells. The variability in the leaf morphology led to the description for many taxa along the history (Ochyra et al., 2008). Recently, Bednarek-Ochyra (2014) proposed Philonotis tenella Kaalaas (1912: 109) from Îles Crozet, as a new synonym of P. polymorpha, completing with these results the range of this species in the subantarctic islands. 

scholarly journals On temperate areas, basal clades and biodiversity conservation

Oryx ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan J. Morrone ◽  
Liliana Katinas ◽  
Jorge V. Crisci
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South America ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Phylogenetic Information ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
America South ◽  
The Tropics

It has been accepted traditionally that biodiversity is concentrated in the tropics. However, threatened temperate areas in southern South America, South Africa, New Caledonia, Australia and the Holarctic possess a significant number of unique taxa. Phylogenetic information encoded in cladograms can be used to develop indices for measuring biodiversity. Application of these indices to Asteraceae (Angiosperms) and Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) indicates the relevance of the temperate areas to biodiversity conservation: they are rich in phylogenetically valuable species and are environmentally threatened.

Additions to the Placopsis mycobiota (Trapeliaceae, Ascomycota) of southern South America, with notes on new records (including Aspiciliopsis macrophthalma), and a revised regional key to the species

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. GALLOWAY
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
New Records ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
First Time

AbstractAspiciliopsis macrophthalma, Placopsis fusciduloides, P. gelidioides and P. tararuana are reported for the first time from southern South America. New records for 13 species of Placopsis in southern South America are reported, and a revised key to 22 species of Placopsis and A. macrophthalma in the region is given.

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