scholarly journals Conservation and Utilization of Livestock Genetic Diversity in the United States of America through Gene Banking

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey D. Blackburn ◽  
Carrie S. Wilson ◽  
Bethany Krehbiel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Span 60

A germplasm collection curated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Germplasm Program contains of over one million samples from over 55,000 animals, representing 165 livestock and poultry breeds. The collection was developed to provide genetic conservation and security for the U.S. livestock sector. Samples in the collection span 60 years, suggesting a wide range of genetic diversity and genetic change is represented for rare and major breeds. Classifying breeds into four groups based upon registration or census estimates of population size of < 1000, < 5000, < 20,000, and > 20,000 indicated that 50% of the collection is comprised of rare breeds in the < 1000 category. As anticipated, collections for breeds in the < 20,000 and > 20,000 are more complete (86% and 98%, respectively) based upon an index combining the number of germplasm samples and the number of animals. For the rarest breeds (< 1000), collection completeness was 45%. Samples from over 6000 animals in the collection have been used for adding diversity to breeds, genomic evaluation, reconstituting populations, or various research projects. Several aspects of collecting germplasm samples from rare breeds are discussed. In addition, approaches that could be used to enhance the status of rare breeds via the repository use are presented. However, given the array of obstacles confronting rare breeds, the gene bank may be the most secure prospect for the long-term conservation of rare breed genetics.

scholarly journals Population structure of Drosophila suzukii and signals of multiple invasions into the continental United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle M Lewald ◽  
Antoine Abrieux ◽  
Derek A Wilson ◽  
Yoosook Lee ◽  
William R Conner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multiple Invasions

Drosophila suzukii, or spotted-wing drosophila, is now an established pest in many parts of the world, causing significant damage to numerous fruit crop industries. Native to East Asia, D. suzukii infestations started in the United States a decade ago, occupying a wide range of climates. To better understand invasion ecology of this pest, knowledge of past migration events, population structure, and genetic diversity is needed. To improve on previous studies examining genetic structure of D. suzukii, we sequenced whole genomes of 237 individual flies collected across the continental U.S., as well as several representative sites in Europe, Brazil, and Asia, to identify hundreds of thousands of genetic markers for analysis. We analyzed these markers to detect population structure, to reconstruct migration events, and to estimate genetic diversity and differentiation within and among the continents. We observed strong population structure between West and East Coast populations in the U.S., but no evidence of any population structure North to South, suggesting there is no broad-scale adaptations occurring in response to the large differences in regional weather conditions. We also find evidence of repeated migration events from Asia into North America have provided increased levels of genetic diversity, which does not appear to be the case for Brazil or Europe. This large genomic dataset will spur future research into genomic adaptations underlying D. suzukii pest activity and development of novel control methods for this agricultural pest.

scholarly journals The Genetic Diversity of Cranberry Crop Wild Relatives, Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton and V. oxycoccos L., in the US, with Special Emphasis on National Forests

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1446
Author(s):  
Lorraine Rodriguez-Bonilla ◽  
Karen A. Williams ◽  
Fabian Rodríguez Bonilla ◽  
Daniel Matusinec ◽  
Andrew Maule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
National Forests ◽  
United States Department ◽  
The Us

Knowledge of the genetic diversity in populations of crop wild relatives (CWR) can inform effective strategies for their conservation and facilitate utilization to solve agricultural challenges. Two crop wild relatives of the cultivated cranberry are widely distributed in the US. We studied 21 populations of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton and 24 populations of Vaccinium oxycoccos L. across much of their native ranges in the US using 32 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. We observed high levels of heterozygosity for both species across populations with private alleles ranging from 0 to 26. For V. macrocarpon, we found a total of 613 alleles and high levels of heterozygosity (HO = 0.99, HT = 0.75). We also observed high numbers of alleles (881) and levels of heterozygosity (HO = 0.71, HT = 0.80) in V. oxycoccos (4x). Our genetic analyses confirmed the field identification of a native population of V. macrocarpon on the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest in the state of Washington, far outside the previously reported range for the species. Our results will help to inform efforts of the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) and the United States Forest Service (USFS) to conserve the most diverse and unique wild cranberry populations through ex situ preservation of germplasm and in situ conservation in designated sites on National Forests.

scholarly journals Detection and Classification of SPLCV Isolates in the U.S. Sweetpotato Germplasm Collection via a Real-Time PCR Assay and Phylogenetic Analysis

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 1385-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Barkley ◽  
D. L. Pinnow ◽  
M. L. Wang ◽  
K. S. Ling ◽  
R. L. Jarret
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Potato Leaf ◽  
In Vitro Plantlets

The United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) germplasm collection contains accessions that were initially collected from various countries worldwide. These materials have been maintained and distributed as in vitro plantlets since the mid-1980s. The status of viral infection by the emerging Sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV) and other Begomovirus spp. in this germplasm has yet to be determined. In order to minimize the potential distribution of virus-infected clones, all accessions in the collection were tested for SPLCV using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. In total, 47 of 701 accessions of in vitro plantlets tested positive for SPLCV. The presence of SPLCV detected in these materials was confirmed via biological indexing using the indicator plants I. nil and I. muricata. Symptoms appeared more rapidly on I. muricata than on I. nil. Nucleotide polymorphisms among the isolates were evaluated by sequencing the AV1 coat protein gene from 24 SPLCV-infected accessions. The results revealed that the SPLCV isolates shared high sequence identity. Ten nucleotide substitutions were identified, most of which were synonymous changes. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted on those 24 SPLCV isolates in combination with six described SPLCV species and various SPLCV strains from GenBank to evaluate the relationships among viral species or strains. The results from this analysis indicated that most of the AV1 genes derived from previously classified SPLCV species clustered together, some of which formed well-supported monophyletic clades, further supporting the current taxonomy. Overall, identification of SPLCV-infected germplasm will allow approaches to be employed to eliminate the virus from the collection and limit the distribution of infected materials.

Wingnut (Juglandaceae) as a new generic host forPityophthorus juglandis(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the thousand cankers disease pathogen,Geosmithia morbida(Ascomycota: Hypocreales)

2015 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy M. Hishinuma ◽  
Paul L. Dallara ◽  
Mohammad A. Yaghmour ◽  
Marcelo M. Zerillo ◽  
Corwin M. Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Geosmithia Morbida ◽  
Thousand Cankers Disease ◽  
First Occurrence

AbstractThe walnut twig beetle (WTB),Pityophthorus juglandisBlackman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), vectors a fungus,Geosmithia morbidaKolařík, Freeland, Utley, and Tisserat (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), which colonises and kills the phloem of walnut and butternut trees,JuglansLinnaeus (Juglandaceae). Over the past two decades, this condition, known as thousand cankers disease (TCD), has led to the widespread mortality ofJuglansspecies in the United States of America. Recently the beetle and pathogen were discovered on severalJuglansspecies in northern Italy. Little is known about the extra-generic extent of host acceptability and suitability for the WTB. We report the occurrence of both the WTB andG. morbidain three species of wingnut,Pterocarya fraxinifoliaSpach,Pterocarya rhoifoliaSiebold and Zuccarini, andPterocarya stenopterade Candolle (Juglandaceae) growing in the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository collection in northern California (NCGR) and in the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden in southern California, United States of America. In two instances (once inP. stenopteraand once inP. fraxinifolia) teneral (i.e., brood) adult WTB emerged and were collected more than four months after infested branch sections had been collected in the field. Koch’s postulates were satisfied with an isolate ofG. morbidafromP. stenoptera, confirming this fungus as the causal agent of TCD in this host. A survey of the 37PterocaryaKunth accessions at the NCGR revealed that 46% of the trees had WTB attacks and/or symptoms ofG. morbidainfection. The occurrence of other subcortical Coleoptera associated withPterocaryaand the first occurrence of the polyphagous shot hole borer, a species nearEuwallacea fornicatusEichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), inJuglansare also documented.

scholarly journals BETTERGRO BLACKEYE: A NEW PEST AND DISEASE RESISTANT HIGH YIELDING SOUTHERNPEA

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1176g-1176
Author(s):  
R. L. Fery ◽  
P. D. Dukes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Agricultural Research Service

The Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture announced the release of `Bettergro Blackeye' southernpea on 24 July 1991. The new cultivar is well adapted for production throughout the southern United States where it can be expected to produce excellent yields of high quality, blackeye-type peas. `Bettergro Blackeye' outyielded the `Pinkeye Purple Hull-BVR' check in the 1986, 1987, 1988, and 1989 Regional Southernpea Cooperative Trials by 34.8, 14.3, 12.6, and 20.9%, respectively. Canned samples of fresh `Bettergro Blackeye' peas scored well in three years of quality evaluation tests. The new cultivar is resistant to the cowpea curculio, the major insect pest of the southernpea in southeastern production areas, and root knot, a severe root disease incited by several species of the root-knot nematode. `Bettergro Blackeye' plants have a greater tendency to produce a second crop than plants of most southernpea cultivars.

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