Abstract
Social interactions among Pederson cleaner shrimp Ancylomenes pedersoni (Chace, 1958), an associate of sea anemones, likely affect cleaning services to reef fishes, but major aspects of their social group structure and behavior remain unknown. We hypothesized that Pederson shrimp form dominance hierarchies expressed through size- and gender-based behavioral interactions. Observation of 116 shrimp on coral reefs at St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands, revealed that they formed social groups of ~3 or 4 individuals (range 1–9) per host sea anemone, as a mix of large females, medium-size males, and/or small juveniles. Social groups were not rigidly size-structured, in that body size ratio between adjacent individuals did not differ significantly from random. Individuals, however, were spatially structured such that distance between shrimp and the tentacles of the host anemone decreased significantly with shrimp body size; large individuals occupied the anemone tentacle crown, whereas smaller shrimp perched on reef or sand substrates adjacent to the anemone. During laboratory experiments, shrimp exhibited five types of exploitation competition behaviors toward client fish models (signal, approach, clean, no response, retreat), and four types of interference competition behaviors toward conspecific shrimp (approach, attack, no response, retreat). Large females more frequently signaled toward, approached, and cleaned fish models than did males and juveniles, which did not respond or retreated. Females also approached and attacked conspecifics more than did males and juveniles, which retreated at frequencies that increased with decreasing body size. We conclude that Pederson shrimp form gender and size-based hierarchies in which large females monopolize food resources (ectoparasites on client fishes), and interfere with resource access by smaller males and juveniles. These behaviors cause them to spatially partition microhabitats on anemones, and hypothetically could lead to males and juveniles dispersing among anemones more frequently than females. These shrimp social interactions may thus enhance spatial and temporal variation among cleaning stations, with consequences for the health and mobility of reef fishes.
The Spotted Cleaner Shrimp, Periclimenes yucatanicus (Ives, 1891), on an Unusual Scleractinian Host