scholarly journals Nanoemulsions as a Form of Perfumery Products

Cosmetics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elzbieta Sikora ◽  
Miastkowska Małgorzata ◽  
Katarzyna Wolinska Kennard ◽  
Elwira Lason
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Colloidal Dispersions ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sensitive Skin ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Potential Form

Alcohol-based perfumes, e.g., eau de parfum, eau de toilette, eau de cologne or au fraiche, are the most common type of fragrance products available on the market. There are also alcohol-free fragrance products, mainly in the form of solid or oil perfume. From the consumers’ point of view, such perfumery products are of interest; therefore, looking for new solutions is still interesting. Nanoemulsions are liquid, kinetically stable colloidal dispersions, consisting of an aqueous phase, an oil phase and a surfactant, with or without a co-surfactant. They are transparent, not greasy, easy to spray and spread. Additionally, they show capacity to protect fragrances from oxidation. The development of a water-based perfumes in the form of stable nanoemulsions containing fragrance compositions (in the range of 5–15%), stabilized by nonionic surfactants, allows to create safe products for a wider group of consumers, including children, adolescents and people with sensitive skin. In this article, an application of nanoemulsions as a potential form of perfumery products were described.

The aqueous phase behavior of polyion–surfactant ion complex salts mixed with nonionic surfactants

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 3126-3138 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Janiak ◽  
Lennart Piculell ◽  
Gerd Olofsson ◽  
Karin Schillén
Keyword(s):  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Complex Salts

Mountain Ski Maps of North America: Preliminary Survey and Analysis of Style

2010 ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Tait
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
Colorado School ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Ski Resort ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ski Areas ◽  
Panoramic Views

This article examines mountain ski resort trail maps in North America in 2008. It looks at the styles of maps used by resorts and at the main artists involved in producing the maps. The survey included maps from 428 resorts with additional analysis of maps from the 100 largest resorts. Point of view and creation method are the primary factors in determining the style of each ski trail map. Artists have employed three main types of views for ski mountains: panoramas, profiles, and planimetric maps. Panoramic views are by far the most common type of map (86% of all maps and all of the maps at the top 100 areas). Profile views are used in 8% of the maps and planimetric views in only 6%. Production methods for ski trail maps fall into three main categories: painting, illustrating, and computer rendering. Maps created with painting techniques are the most widespread, in use at 72% of all resorts and at 89% of the top 100 areas. Those created in a hard-edged vector-based illustration style are in use at 20% of resorts and those created through computer modeling and rendering at 3% of resorts.Many artists have created ski trail maps for resorts in North America but one artist, James Niehues, has produced by far the most maps in current use. His maps are in use at over a quarter of all ski areas and at half of the top resorts. Niehues follows in the footsteps of two other Coloradans, Hal Shelton and then Bill Brown, and this Colorado School has been key in the development of a classic painted panoramic style of North American ski maps. Additional research is recommended to provide further details of the history of the maps and their creators as well as to analyze the artists’ terrain manipulations and to look at the growing use of electronic trail maps.

Interactions Between Nonionic Surfactant Monomers, Hydrophobic Organic Compounds and Soil

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 147-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Edwards ◽  
Z. Liu ◽  
R. G. Luthy
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Bulk Solution ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Hydrophobic Organic Compounds ◽  
Surfactant Sorption

Nonionic surfactant at aqueous-phase concentrations less than the CMC can affect the distribution of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in soil/aqueous systems. Sub-CMC levels of nonionic surfactant can enhance the apparent aqueous-phase HOC solubility, increase the soil organic carbon content due to surfactant sorption, and modify the value of the HOC soil/aqueous distribution coefficient. Experimental data quantifying these effects are presented for several HOCs and nonionic surfactants. A method is proposed for predicting the distribution of HOC between soil and bulk solution with sub-CMC aqueous-phase concentrations of nonionic surfactant.

Surface-activity of anionic–nonionic surfactants and the dispersibility of TiO2 particles in aqueous solution

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (14n15) ◽  
pp. 1940001
Author(s):  
Chiu-Chun Lai ◽  
Hao-Wen Lo ◽  
Chang-Mou Wu ◽  
Kuei-Chi Lee ◽  
Yu-Lin Kuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Micelle Formation ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Particle Suspension ◽  
Tio2 Particles ◽  
Scanning Electron

This study synthesizes the anionic–nonionic surfactants by reacting tripropylene glycol, maleic anhydride, polyoxyethylenated stearyl ether and fumaric acid. The properties of a series of anionic–nonionic surfactants that feature hydrophilic groups with different lengths of chains are measured. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) value for these surfactants decreases as the length of the polyoxyethylene chain increases. This shows that long polyoxyethylene chains promote pre-micelle formation in the aqueous phase and adsorption at the interface surrounding the aqueous phase. The dispersion of a particle suspension of [Formula: see text] is also determined using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that when anionic–nonionic surfactants are added into a [Formula: see text] suspension, it prevents the precipitation of solid particles of [Formula: see text] and allows greater de-aggregation of the nanoparticles. DLS data show that when the concentration of the anionic–nonionic surfactants is increased, the distribution range narrows and it becomes more uniform. The larger specific surface area of the surfactant results in greater dispersion of the suspension. The SEM results show that when anionic–nonionic surfactants feature hydrophilic groups with a shorter chain, a [Formula: see text] suspension is more effectively dispersed.

Sustainable vanadium(V)-catalyzed oxybromination of styrene: Two-phase system versus ionic liquids

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 1575-1581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Conte ◽  
Barbara Floris ◽  
Pierluca Galloni ◽  
Adriano Silvagni
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Chlorinated Solvents ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Metal Catalyst ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
System Versus ◽  
Bromide Ion

Oxybromination reaction of styrene was performed in a two-phase system of water/ionic liquids (ILs). The aim of the work was to make the mild and efficient two-phase system previously developed for the vanadium(V)-catalyzed oxybromination of alkenes, inspired by the activity of haloperoxidase enzymes, even more interesting from a sustainable point of view. As in that case, a brominating intermediate was formed from the metal catalyst, H2O2, and bromide ion in the acid aqueous phase, but chlorinated solvents were replaced with ILs.[bmim+][PF6-], [bm2im+][PF6-], [bmim+][BF4-], [bmim+][CF3SO3-], and [bmim+][(CF3SO2)2N-] were tested. We report on interesting results in terms of reaction rates and selectivities.

Evaluation of Some Nonionic Surfactants Derived from Tannic Acid as Additives for Water-Based Mud

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabel A. Negm ◽  
Salah M. Tawfik ◽  
Mahmoud I. Abdou ◽  
Emad A. Badr ◽  
Ferial M. Ghuiba
Keyword(s):  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Water Based

Internally gelled W/O and W/O/W double emulsions

e-Polymers ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihaela-Nicoleta Iancu ◽  
Yves Chevalie ◽  
Marcel Popa ◽  
Thierry Hamaide
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Double Emulsions ◽  
Internal Phase ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Hydrophilic Materials ◽  
Hydrophilic Molecule

AbstractWater-in-oil emulsions having their aqueous internal phase gelled with starch were prepared and investigated. They were the primary emulsions required for the preparation of double w/o/w emulsions that could encapsulate hydrophilic materials inside the internal aqueous gel. The emulsification could be achieved at high temperature in spite of the high viscosity of the aqueous phase; the internal phase gelled upon cooling to room temperature. The high viscosity of the aqueous phase limited the possible concentration range of starch in the aqueous phase. The presence of starch made the surfactant demand larger for both the emulsification and the stabilization of the w/o emulsions. The larger the starch content, the larger the amount of required surfactant. One reason for the high surfactant demand was the high viscosity of the aqueous phase containing starch. Another cause of high surfactant demand was disclosed and it appeared that predominantly the interactions of the nonionic surfactants with starch retained the former inside the aqueous phase. The immobilized amount of surfactant had to be compensated by a supplementary concentration. Experimental evidence of the interactions between starch and the nonionic surfactants was given by interfacial tension measurements. Lastly, w/o/w double emulsions were prepared using the gelled w/o emulsions and a model hydrophilic molecule (caffeine) was encapsulated inside the internal gelled aqueous phase. The release rate of caffeine from the internally gelled double emulsions was slower than for the non-gelled emulsions, demonstrating the efficiency of the encapsulation and the possible control of the delivery.

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