scholarly journals Method of the Analysis of the Connectivity of Road and Street Network in Terms of Division of the City Area

Computation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Soczówka ◽  
Renata Żochowska ◽  
Grzegorz Karoń
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Street Network ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Basic Field ◽  
City Area ◽  
The Road ◽  
The City

The transport system of a Smart City consists of many subsystems; therefore, the modeling of the transportation network, which maps its structure, requires consideration of both the connections between individual subsystems and the relationships within each of them. The road and street network is one of the most important subsystems, whose main task is to ensure access to places generating travel demand in the city. Thus, its effectiveness should be at an appropriate level of quality. Connectivity is one of the most important characteristics of a road and street network. It describes how elements of that network are connected, which translates to travel times and costs. The analysis of the connectivity of the road and street network in urban areas is often conducted with the application of topological measures. In the case of a large area of the city, such analysis requires its division into smaller parts, which may affect the computational results of these measures; therefore, the main goal of the study was to present a method of performing analysis based on the computation of numerical values of selected measures of connectivity of road and street network, for a city area divided into fields of regular shape. To achieve that goal, the analyzed area was split into a regular grid. Subsequently, numerical values of the chosen measures of connectivity were calculated for each basic field, and the results allowed us to determine whether they are influenced by the method of division of the area. Obtained results showed that the size of the basic field influences the numerical values of measures of connectivity; however that influence is different for each of the selected measures.

scholarly journals Intersection Signal Timing Optimisation for an Urban Street Network to Minimise Traffic Delays

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-592
Author(s):  
Manel Terraza ◽  
Ji Zhang ◽  
Zongzhi Li
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Demand Forecasting ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Signal Timing ◽  
Vehicular Traffic ◽  
Street Network ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
Pedestrian Delays

The ever-increasing travel demand outpacing available transportation capacity especially in the U.S. urban areas has led to more severe traffic congestion and delays. This study proposes a methodology for intersection signal timing optimisation for an urban street network aimed to minimise intersection-related delays by dynamically adjusting green splits of signal timing plans designed for intersections in an urban street network in each hour of the day in response to varying traffic entering the intersections. Two options are considered in optimisation formulation, which are concerned with minimising vehicle delays per cycle, and minimising weighted vehicle and pedestrian delays per cycle calculated using the 2010 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) method. The hourly vehicular traffic is derived by progressively executing a regional travel demand forecasting model that could handle interactions between signal timing plans and predicted vehicular traffic entering intersections, coupled with pedestrian crossing counts. A computational study is conducted for methodology application to the central business district (CBD) street network in Chicago, USA. Relative weights for calculating weighted vehicle and pedestrian delays, and intersection degrees of saturation are revealed to be significant factors affecting the effectiveness of network-wide signal timing optimisation. For the current study, delay reductions are maximised using a weighting split of 78/22 between vehicle and pedestrian delays.

Specificity of optimization of recreational potential Forest park (on the example of the green zone of Saratov)

2018 ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
А.В. ТЕРЕШКИН
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Organic Part ◽  
Forest Park ◽  
The Road ◽  
Functional Zoning ◽  
Functional Zones ◽  
Green Zone ◽  
The City

Оптимизация рекреационного потенциала зеленой зоны городских территорий затрагивает эстетику и экологию пространства, логистику потоков отдыхающих на основе продуманной транспортной сети. В разработках планов градостроительства г. Саратова в 30-80-е годы ХХ века зеленым насаждениям отводилось видное место в комплексе города. Зеленые массивы того или иного функционального назначения являются органической частью города, как в границах застройки, так и за ее пределами. Социально-экономические перемены в стране вносили коррективы в использование объектов зеленой зоны в т.ч. лесных массивов и лесопарка «Кумысная поляна». Цель – провести оценку рекреационного потенциала зеленой зоны г. Саратова и разработать пути его оптимизации на примере лесопарка «Кумысная поляна». Выявлен недостаток площадей в пределах зеленой зоны, предназначенных для отдыха. Дана оценка рекреационного потенциала лесопарка «Кумысная поляна» с учетом существующего функционального деления его территории. Получены модели динамики рекреационных нагрузок в функциональных зонах. Рекреационный потенциал территории лесопарка «Кумысная поляна» колеблется от 65% до 84,38% от максимальных значений. Существующее функциональное зонирование не в полной степени гарантирует сохранение коренных типов насаждений и ландшафтов и одновременно не обеспечивает максимальную рекреационную емкость. Выявление специфики оптимизации рекреационной емкости показывает, что изменение границ функциональных зон, проведение работ по благоустройству и расширению дорожно-тропиночной сети даст возможность повысить потенциальную рекреационную емкость до 117,4 тыс. чел. Предложены мероприятия по повышению рекреационной емкости зеленой зоны и ее устойчивости к высоким рекреационным нагрузкам. Рекомендовано проводить санитарные и ландшафтные рубки древостоя, развивать сеть пешеходных дорожек, велодорог, повышать уровень благоустройства территории, используя методы  и приемы ландшафтного  проектирования и внести изменения в функциональное зонирование территории лесопарка «Кумысная поляна». Обоснованность и достоверность результатов исследований обеспечена и подвержена комплексными исследованиями с применением компьютерной обработки полученных данных. Optimization of the recreational potential of the green zone of urban areas affects the aesthetics and ecology of space, the logistics of holiday flows on the basis of a well-thought-out transport network. In the development of urban planning plans in Saratov in the 30-80-ies of the twentieth century, green spaces were given a prominent place in the city's complex. Green massifs of a particular functional purpose are an organic part of the city, both within the boundaries of the building and beyond. Socio-economic changes in the country were making adjustments to the use of green area objects, incl. forests and forest park "Kumysnaya Polyana". The aim is to assess the recreational potential of the green zone of Saratov and to develop ways to optimize it using the example of the forest park Kumysnaya Polyana. A lack of areas within the green zone intended for recreation has been identified. The estimation of recreational potential of forest park "Kumysnaya Polyana" is given taking into account the existing functional division of its territory. Models of the dynamics of recreational loads in functional zones are obtained. The recreation potential of the territory of the forest park "Kumysnaya Polyana" ranges from 65% to 84.38% of the maximum values. The existing functional zoning does not fully guarantee the preservation of indigenous types of plantations and landscapes and at the same time does not provide the maximum recreational capacity. Revealing the specificity of optimization of recreational capacity shows that changing the boundaries of functional zones, carrying out works on improvement and expansion of the road-tropic network will enable to increase the potential recreational capacity to 117.4 thousand people. Measures are proposed to increase the recreational capacity of the green zone and its resistance to high recreational loads. It is recommended to carry out sanitary and landscape cutting of the tree stand, develop a network of footpaths, bicycles, improve the level of landscaping, using methods and techniques of landscape design and make changes in the functional zoning of the forest park Kumysnaya Polyana. The validity and reliability of the research results is provided and subject to comprehensive research using computer processing of the data obtained.

scholarly journals Integración de los servicios ecosistémicos en la planificación urbana: los ríos urbanos

2017 ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
María Perona Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Ecosystem ◽  
Urban River ◽  
Environmental Strategy ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

ResumenEsta investigación parte de la necesidad de poner el foco en los servicios que los ecosistemas pueden llegar a ofrecer en las áreas urbanas tomando en este caso, a los ríos como elemento clave en la planificación urbana. Desde este enfoque, se propone un análisis general de la relación entre el río, la ciudad y los ciudadanos, a través de las estrategias y técnicas de gestión de los entornos fluviales urbanos, los servicios ecosistémicos y el bienestar humano. Asimilando de este modo conceptos propios de la ecología y el urbanismo, y traduciéndolos a un lenguaje común y simplificado. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la integración es la hoja de ruta a seguir en el camino hacia la ciudad habitable. Palabras clave  Servicios ecosistémicos, ecosistema urbano, río urbano, estrategia hidráulica, estrategia ambiental, bienestar humanoAbstractThis part of the investigation of the need to focus on the services that ecosystems can reach urban areas, taking in this case urban rivers as an important element in urban planning. From this approach, a general analysis of the relationship between the river, the city and the citizens is proposed, through the strategies and techniques of management of urban river environments, ecosystem services and human welfare. Assimilating, in this way, concepts proper to Ecology and Urbanism, and translating them into a common and simplified language. The results obtained from the integration of the road map to follow on the way to the habitable city. KeywordsEcosystem services, urban ecosystem, urban river, hydraulic strategy, environmental strategy, human welfare

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF RAIN GARDENS ON THE QUALITY OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF ODESSA)

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
G. V. Kyselovа ◽  
◽  
V. N. Kyselov ◽  
M. O. Kramarenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Rain Gardens ◽  
The City

The article deals with the problems of sustainable development of the urban environment, which in addition to urban and architectural aspects include the problems of urban ecology. One of the important issues that needs to be addressed is the management of urban wastewater. In the long run, it is necessary to invest in sustainable infrastructure, upgrade urban systems and plant green spaces. Stormwater management allows you to apply a comprehensive approach to solving this problem, and to increase economic efficiency city. However, investments in this problem are of a long-term nature, and alternative solution of the problem could be the arrangement of rain gardens in urban space. The main purpose of this study is to comprehensively analyze rain gardens as part of a sustainable urban development strategy. The methodological basis of the study was a number of scientific works related to the study of issues related to the improvement of urban planning, ecology of urban areas, as well as the study of the theory of cultural landscape and the theory of the ecological frame of the city. The article deals with the world examples of gardens, the main task of which is rainwater harvesting. Based on the analysis of world experience, we can conclude that rain gardens can be designed as a separate object of landscape architecture or as an element of urban space. Modern research has shown that bio-drainage structures (consisting of large gardens and parks) can be effective for improving water quality and maintaining hydrological function, even when the air temperature drops below zero. Studies show that, with proper site analysis, careful design and responsible plant selection, bio-drainage systems can work well even in regions with cold climates. In addition to performing their basic functions, rain gardens have an aesthetic component - they are beautiful elements of decoration, walkings paths in the park, city streets, roads and public buildings.

scholarly journals Particulate Matter Removal Ability of Ten Evergreen Trees Planted in Korea Urban Greening

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 438
Author(s):  
Eon Ju Jin ◽  
Jun Hyuck Yoon ◽  
Eun Ji Bae ◽  
Byoung Ryong Jeong ◽  
Seong Hyeon Yong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Urban Greening ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
The Road ◽  
As Species ◽  
Tree Leaf ◽  
The City

Broad-leaved evergreen trees create urban forests for mitigation of climate warming and adsorption of particulate matter (PM). This study was performed to identify the species suitable for urban greening by examining the adsorption capacity of the evergreen species in urban areas in Korea, the adsorption points and the elemental composition of PM in the adsorbed tree. Leaf sampling was carried out four times (period of seven months from October 2017 to May 2018) and used after drying (period 28 to 37 days). Particulate matter (PM) was classified and measured according to size PM2.5 (0.2–2.5 μm), PM10 (2.5–10 μm), PM100 (10–100 μm). The total amount of PM adsorbed on the leaf surface was highest in Pinus densiflora (24.6 μg∙cm−2), followed by Quercus salicina (47.4 μg∙cm−2). The composition of PM adsorbed by P. densiflora is 4.0% PM2.5, 39.5% PM10 and 56.5% PM100, while those adsorbed by Q. salicina are evergreen at 25.7% PM2.5, 27.4% PM10 and 46.9% PM100. When the amount of PM adsorbed on the leaf was calculated by LAI, the species that adsorbed PM the most was P. densiflora, followed by Q. salicina, followed by Q. salicina in the wax layer, then P. densiflora. As a result of this study, the amount of PM adsorbed per unit area of leaves, and the amount of PM calculated by LAI, showed a simpler pattern. The hardwoods had a high adsorption rate of PM2.5. The adsorption ratio of ultra-fine PM2.5 by evergreen broad-leaved trees was greater than that of coniferous trees. Therefore, broad-leaved evergreens such as Q. salicina are considered very suitable as species for adsorbing PM in the city. PM2.5 has been shown to be adsorbed through the pores and leaves of trees, indicating that the plant plays an important role in alleviating PM in the atmosphere. As a result of analyzing the elemental components of PM accumulated on leaf leaves by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/ energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) analysis, it was composed of O, C, Si, and N, and was found to be mainly generated by human activities around the road. The results of this study provide basic data regarding the selection of evergreen species that can effectively remove aerial PM. It also highlights the importance of evergreen plants for managing PM pollution during the winter and provides insights into planning additional green infrastructure to improve urban air quality.

scholarly journals City of Waste—Importance of Scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3909
Author(s):  
Bogusław Wowrzeczka
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
City Size ◽  
World Population ◽  
City Area ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Animal Metabolism ◽  
The City

By 2050, the world population is expected to reach 9.7 billion, almost 90% of which will live in urban areas. With such a fast growth in population and urbanization, it is anticipated that the annual waste generation will increase by 70% in comparison with current levels, and will reach 3.40 billion tons in 2050. A key question regarding the sustainability of the planet is the effect of city size on waste production. Are larger cities more efficient at generating waste than smaller cities? Do larger cities show economies of scale over waste? This article examines the allometric relationship between the amount of municipal waste (total and per capita) and the populations, city area, density, and wealth of city residents. The scope of the research concerned 930 Polish cities. Using the allometric equation, the waste scaling factors were calculated for selected parameters, and the Hellwig method was used to optimize their selection for cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants. The calculations show that the parameter population (1.059) and then the city area (0.934) are important elements influencing the scaling of the amount of municipal waste in cities of all sizes, but none came close to the value of the animal metabolism model (0.75). In response to the question of whether larger cities show benefits from economies of scale, it should be stated that, for the model of city size in Poland, such a regularity does not exist.

scholarly journals STUDY PERENCANAAN GEOMETRIK, PERKERASAN JALAN DAN PERENCANAAN ANGGARAN BIAYA PADA JALAN RAYA KALIDAWIR – Ds. NGUBALAN Kec. KALIDAWIR

UKaRsT ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edy Gardjito
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Flexible Pavement ◽  
Local Resident ◽  
City Area ◽  
The Road ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
Geometric Planning ◽  
Base Course ◽  
The City ◽  
Southern Highland

Kalidawir Highway Ngubalan Vilage which was originally a concrete rebate pavement located in the southern highland  of Tulungagung City, is alternative road for local resident  to go to the City area. So that the road can be sard to be guite crowded with traffic. So, here the author took the initiative to plane the road using flexible pavement. The hope for future, so it can be use as well as possible for the local Villagers. Even There included connecting roads between several villages.The method use in this planning is a method that is often used lag other planners, namely : Book Of Directorate General of Binamarga, 1970. Regulation Of Road Geometric Planning Directorate General Of Bina Marga, 1997. Procedures for planning geometric the inter city roads, The Center For Research and Development Jakarta, and use of others literature.The conclusion that can be get planning  for this is, this way it is ±3.200 meter with width across 7 meter. Is available is 2 aligment  horizontal PI 1 With radisius 200 meter as big as 34º33,5’5,82”. PI 2 radisius plan 150 meter as big as 34º4’22,29”. With surface course pavement = 5 cm, base course = 20 cm and sub base course = 15 cm.Keyword : Road Geometric Planning, Flexible Pavement and RAB

scholarly journals Centrum handlowe a rzeka. Studium przypadku

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-108
Author(s):  
Rita Łabuz
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Spatial Analyses ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Ecological Corridors ◽  
Shopping Centre ◽  
Shopping Centres ◽  
The City

Rivers together with the surrounding greenery constitute an important element of the green and blue infrastructure in the city. The protection of these natural ecological corridors is one of the tasks of modern spatial planning. Along with the development of cities, buildings in urban areas are becoming closer to river beds. Various types of facilities are erected in their surroundings, including large-area constructions, such as shopping centres. This article presents research on how the watercourse environment is transformed by building a shopping centre. The paper presents functional and spatial analyses of riverside areas located in the vicinity of three shopping centres in Central Europe: ‘Forum Gdańsk’ in Gdańsk, ‘Galeria Jurajska’ in Częstochowa and ‘Šantovka’ in Olomouc. Various aspects of some transformations are presented, consisting in the exploitation of the advantages of natural greenery or its marginalisation, e.g. by backfilling or the housing of watercourses.

scholarly journals Analysis of Pedestrian Accidents in Irbid City, Jordan

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bashar H. Al-Omari ◽  
Eman S. Obaidat
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Illumination Condition ◽  
The Road ◽  
Accident Severity ◽  
Pedestrian Accidents ◽  
Sunny Weather ◽  
The City

The numbers of people who are walking and bicycling continues to increase all over the world and pedestrian accidents are becoming a serious problem in the developed and developing countries. However, the problem is more severe in the developing countries, such as Jordan where pedestrians represented 32.5% of all traffic accident fatalities and 23.8% of all traffic accident injuries during the year 2010. This study aims at analyzing pedestrian accidents in Irbid city, as an example for urban areas in Jordan, based on a total of 1090 pedestrian accidents that have occurred in the City during the three years period (1999 - 2001). The analysis was based on pedestrian characteristics, driver characteristics, accident time, accident location, weather, road surface condition, illumination condition, vehicle characteristics, speed limit, accident severity, pedestrian faults, and driver faults. Geographic Information System (GIS) tool was used to locate all pedestrian accidents over the study area. The results of the study showed that the majority of pedestrian accidents have occurred at non-intersection locations, during clear and sunny weather, on dry surface, during daylight, and at low speed limits. Also, more pedestrian accidents have occurred during the afternoons, on Thursdays, and during July. The majority of involved drivers in pedestrian accidents were males, with private license type, driving private vehicles and committed the fault of “not giving priority to pedestrians”. The majority of pedestrian victims were males, children less than 15 years old, and hit by vehicles while crossing the road.

scholarly journals Increasing level crossing safety in urban areas - Case study City of Zagreb

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Starčević ◽  
Danijela Barić ◽  
Ivan Broz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Level Crossing ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Level Crossings ◽  
The Road ◽  
Railway Traffic ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City

Level crossings (LC’s) are one of the most dangerous points in railway traffic with frequent accidents that result in significant material damages and almost always fatalities. When level crossings are located within highly populated urban areas, they represent an even higher risk for accidents because of increased traffic volume for both the road and rail sectors. There are currently 34 level crossings in the City of Zagreb, some of which are on the roads with the highest traffic volume in the Republic of Croatia. Accident analyses on level crossings show poor traffic culture, especially pedestrians, which are intentionally disregarding traffic rules and showing poor judgment. This paper will show the existing condition and possible improvements of identified shortcomings of observed level crossings in the City of Zagreb and it will also present the existing level crossing regulations, classification, and safety on the railway network in the Republic of Croatia.

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