scholarly journals In Vitro-Generated Hypertrophic-Like Adipocytes Displaying PPARG Isoforms Unbalance Recapitulate Adipocyte Dysfunctions In Vivo

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Aprile ◽  
Simona Cataldi ◽  
Caterina Perfetto ◽  
Maria Rosaria Ambrosio ◽  
Paola Italiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Protein Quantification ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Reduced neo-adipogenesis and dysfunctional lipid-overloaded adipocytes are hallmarks of hypertrophic obesity linked to insulin resistance. Identifying molecular features of hypertrophic adipocytes requires appropriate in vitro models. We describe the generation of a model of human hypertrophic-like adipocytes directly comparable to normal adipose cells and the pathologic evolution toward hypertrophic state. We generate in vitro hypertrophic cells from mature adipocytes, differentiated from human mesenchymal stem cells. Combining optical, confocal, and transmission electron microscopy with mRNA/protein quantification, we characterize this cellular model, confirming specific alterations also in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Specifically, we report the generation and morphological/molecular characterization of human normal and hypertrophic-like adipocytes. The latter displays altered morphology and unbalance between canonical and dominant negative (PPARGΔ5) transcripts of PPARG, paralleled by reduced expression of PPARγ targets, including GLUT4. Furthermore, the unbalance of PPARγ isoforms associates with GLUT4 down-regulation in subcutaneous adipose tissue of individuals with overweight/obesity or impaired glucose tolerance/type 2 diabetes, but not with normal weight or glucose tolerance. In conclusion, the hypertrophic-like cells described herein are an innovative tool for studying molecular dysfunctions in hypertrophic obesity and the unbalance between PPARγ isoforms associates with down-regulation of GLUT4 and other PPARγ targets, representing a new hallmark of hypertrophic adipocytes.

scholarly journals A Cross-Machine Comparison of Shear-Wave Speed Measurements Using 2D Shear-Wave Elastography in the Normal Female Breast

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 9391
Author(s):  
Emma Harris ◽  
Ruchi Sinnatamby ◽  
Elizabeth O’Flynn ◽  
Anna M. Kirby ◽  
Jeffrey C. Bamber
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Wave Speed ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Shear Wave Speed ◽  
Skin Region ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Quantitative measures of radiation-induced breast stiffness are required to support clinical studies of novel breast radiotherapy regimens and exploration of personalised therapy, however, variation between shear-wave elastography (SWE) machines may limit the usefulness of shear-wave speed (cs) for this purpose. Mean cs measured in four healthy volunteers’ breasts and a phantom using 2D-SWE machines Acuson S2000 (Siemens Medical Solutions) and Aixplorer (Supersonic Imagine) were compared. Shear-wave speed was measured in the skin region, subcutaneous adipose tissue and parenchyma. cs estimates were on average 2.3% greater when using the Aixplorer compared to S2000 in vitro. In vivo, cs estimates were on average 43.7%, 36.3% and 49.9% significantly greater (p << 0.01) when using the Aixplorer compared to S2000, for skin region, subcutaneous adipose tissue and parenchyma, respectively. In conclusion, despite relatively small differences between machines observed in vitro, large differences in absolute measures of shear wave speed measured were observed in vivo, which may prevent pooling of cross-machine data in clinical studies of the breast.

Production of glutamine and utilization of glutamate by rat subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (1) ◽  
pp. E151-E154 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Kowalski ◽  
M. Watford
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Glutamine Metabolism ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Information about adipose tissue amino acid metabolism is limited, with most data derived from studies in vitro. The purpose of this study was to further characterize the role of adipose tissue in glutamine metabolism in the rat in vivo. The extracellular concentrations of glutamine, glutamate, alanine, and ammonia were measured in the rat inguinal fat pad using a microdialysis sampling technique. A calibration method was used to accurately assess the extracellular levels of metabolites, and a comparison of these concentrations with those in arterial blood allowed determination of the net flux of each compound. The adipose tissue-arterial blood concentration differences were 122 +/- 19, 54 +/- 37, -61 +/- 21, and -28 +/- 13 microM for glutamine, alanine, glutamate, and ammonia, respectively, indicating a production of glutamine and an uptake of glutamate by subcutaneous adipose tissue. The magnitude of glutamine production suggests that adipose tissue may play a significant role in whole body glutamine homeostasis.

401 MIGRATION AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF PORCINE ADULT ADIPOSE-DERIVED MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Wilson ◽  
E. Monaco ◽  
M. S. Goldwasser ◽  
S. G. Clark ◽  
W. L. Hurley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
Time Point

Bone marrow is one current source of adult stem cells for therapeutic purposes; however, the magnitude and accessibility of subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans make it an attractive alternative. Numerous in vitro studies have been conducted to determine how these cells act in vitro, but it is imperative to determine the vast abilities of these cells in vivo. The objective of this study was to evaluate in vivo migration and bone healing ability after transplanting adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) in a swine model. Adipose-derived stem cells were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue of adult Yorkshire pigs and cultured in vitro. At 80 to 90% confluence/passage 3, the cells were trypsinized and labeled in suspension with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE). This project included 20 pigs weighing between 63.5 and 81.7 kg. Bilateral mandibular osteoectomies with 10-mm defects were performed on each pig. Of the 20 pigs, half received a treatment of 2.5 million CFDA-SE labeled stem cells administered directly into each defect (DI), and the remaining half received a treatment of approximately 5 million CFDA-SE labeled stem cells through an ear vein injection via catheter (EVI). The time points were 1 h and 2 and 4 wk, with 2 pigs per time with the DI and EVI treatments. Pigs were slaughtered at each time, and spleen, liver, lung, kidney, ear vein, blood, and mandible tissues were collected. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein with EDTA and processed via flow cytometry after collection. Tissues were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for histology. Fluorescent microscopy (CFDA-SE excitation/emission is 492/517 nm) has confirmed that transplanted ADSC do indeed migrate to a site of injury or trauma. Labeled cells were also present in blood collected from the 1-h time point group. Currently, we have not seen the presence of labeled ADSC in the other tissues (spleen, liver, lung, and kidney) after the 1-h time point. We did observe that ADSC administered by DI and EVI were able to significantly heal and regenerate bone defects within 4 wk post-surgery (P < 0.05, ANOVA with F-test), in contrast to bone defects in pigs that did not receive cell injections (control). Evidence of ADSC-related healing and bone regeneration was evident by gross visualization, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and micro computer tomography (microCT) analysis. The clinical implications of these results are significant for treating many diseases in which inflammation or defects exist, such as cardiac disease, neurological disease, or traumatic injuries to both soft and hard tissue. If the adult stem cells can be harvested from fat, encouraged to produce bone or cartilage, and then reinserted into defects, treatment protocols for trauma victims could be developed that would reduce the need for alternate harvesting techniques for bone. This work was support by a grant from the Illinois Regenerative Medicine Institute (IDPH # 63080017).

scholarly journals Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Human Adipose Tissue Vasculature Alters the Particulate Secretome and Induces Endothelial Dysfunction

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 2168-2191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bronson A. Haynes ◽  
Li Fang Yang ◽  
Ryan W. Huyck ◽  
Eric J. Lehrer ◽  
Joshua M. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Endothelial To Mesenchymal Transition

Objective: Endothelial cells (EC) in obese adipose tissue (AT) are exposed to a chronic proinflammatory environment that may induce a mesenchymal-like phenotype and altered function. The objective of this study was to establish whether endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is present in human AT in obesity and to investigate the effect of such transition on endothelial function and the endothelial particulate secretome represented by extracellular vesicles (EV). Approach and Results: We identified EndoMT in obese human AT depots by immunohistochemical co-localization of CD31 or vWF and α-SMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin). We showed that AT EC exposed in vitro to TGF-β (tumor growth factor-β), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), and IFN-γ (interferon-γ) undergo EndoMT with progressive loss of endothelial markers. The phenotypic change results in failure to maintain a tight barrier in culture, increased migration, and reduced angiogenesis. EndoMT also reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic capacity of EC. EVs produced by EC that underwent EndoMT dramatically reduced angiogenic capacity of the recipient naïve ECs without affecting their migration or proliferation. Proteomic analysis of EV produced by EC in the proinflammatory conditions showed presence of several pro-inflammatory and immune proteins along with an enrichment in angiogenic receptors. Conclusions: We demonstrated the presence of EndoMT in human AT in obesity. EndoMT in vitro resulted in production of EV that transferred some of the functional and metabolic features to recipient naïve EC. This result suggests that functional and molecular features of EC that underwent EndoMT in vivo can be disseminated in a paracrine or endocrine fashion and may induce endothelial dysfunction in distant vascular beds.

The use of microdialysis to characterize the endocrine production of human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo

2009 ◽  
Vol 155 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 156-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Dostálová ◽  
Petra Kaválková ◽  
Denisa Haluzíková ◽  
Jitka Housová ◽  
Martin Matoulek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

scholarly journals Subcutaneous adipose tissue accumulation protects systemic glucose tolerance and muscle metabolism

Adipocyte ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.D. Booth ◽  
A.M. Magnuson ◽  
J. Fouts ◽  
Y. Wei ◽  
D. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Tissue Accumulation ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

scholarly journals Ultralong TE In Vivo 1 H MR Spectroscopy of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue at 7 T

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Gajdošík ◽  
Lukas Hingerl ◽  
Antonín Škoch ◽  
Angelika Freudenthaler ◽  
Patrik Krumpolec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mr Spectroscopy ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose
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