scholarly journals Roles and Functions of ROS and RNS in Cellular Physiology and Pathology

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neven Zarkovic
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cellular Physiology ◽  
Key Players

Our common knowledge on oxidative stress has evolved substantially over the years, being focused mostly on the fundamental chemical reactions and the most relevant chemical species involved in human pathophysiology of oxidative stress-associated diseases. Thus, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) were identified as key players in initiating, mediating, and regulating the cellular and biochemical complexity of oxidative stress either as physiological (acting pro-hormetic) or as pathogenic (causing destructive vicious circles) processes. The papers published in this particular Special Issue of Cells show an impressive range on the pathophysiological relevance of ROS and RNS, including the relevance of second messengers of free radicals like 4-hydroxynonenal, allowing us to assume that the future will reveal even more detailed mechanisms of their positive and negative effects that might improve the monitoring of major modern diseases, and aid the development of advanced integrative biomedical treatments.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress in the Newborn Period: Useful Biomarkers in the Clinical Setting

Antioxidants ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván Millán ◽  
José Piñero-Ramos ◽  
Inmaculada Lara ◽  
Anna Parra-Llorca ◽  
Isabel Torres-Cuevas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Newborn Period ◽  
Cell Components

Aerobic metabolism is highly efficient in providing energy for multicellular organisms. However, even under physiological conditions, an incomplete reduction of oxygen produces reactive oxygen species and, subsequently, oxidative stress. Some of these chemical species are highly reactive free radicals capable of causing functional and structural damage to cell components (protein, lipids, or nucleotides). Oxygen is the most used drug in ill-adapted patients during the newborn period. The use of oxygen may cause oxidative stress-related diseases that increase mortality and cause morbidity with adverse long-term outcomes. Conditions such as prematurity or birth asphyxia are frequently treated with oxygen supplementation. Both pathophysiological situations of hypoxia–reoxygenation in asphyxia and hyperoxia in premature infants cause a burst of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Recently developed analytical assays using mass spectrometry have allowed us to determine highly specific biomarkers with minimal samples. The detection of these metabolites will help improve the diagnosis, evolution, and response to therapy in oxidative stress-related conditions during the newborn period.

scholarly journals The Role of Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Disease: From Physiological Response to Injury Factor

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella D’Oria ◽  
Rossella Schipani ◽  
Anna Leonardini ◽  
Annalisa Natalicchio ◽  
Sebastio Perrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Myocardial Injury ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Molecular Abnormalities ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemical species containing oxygen, controlled by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems. In the heart, ROS play an important role in cell homeostasis, by modulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and excitation-contraction coupling. Oxidative stress occurs when ROS production exceeds the buffering capacity of the antioxidant defense systems, leading to cellular and molecular abnormalities, ultimately resulting in cardiac dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the physiological sources of ROS in the heart, the mechanisms of oxidative stress-related myocardial injury, and the implications of experimental studies and clinical trials with antioxidant therapies in cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Reactive Oxygen Species in Venous Thrombosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Gutmann ◽  
Richard Siow ◽  
Adam M. Gwozdz ◽  
Prakash Saha ◽  
Alberto Smith
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Systemic Oxidative Stress ◽  
The Complement System

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have physiological roles as second messengers, but can also exert detrimental modifications on DNA, proteins and lipids if resulting from enhanced generation or reduced antioxidant defense (oxidative stress). Venous thrombus (DVT) formation and resolution are influenced by ROS through modulation of the coagulation, fibrinolysis, proteolysis and the complement system, as well as the regulation of effector cells such as platelets, endothelial cells, erythrocytes, neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes and fibroblasts. Many conditions that carry an elevated risk of venous thrombosis, such as the Antiphospholipid Syndrome, have alterations in their redox homeostasis. Dietary and pharmacological antioxidants can modulate several important processes involved in DVT formation, but their overall effect is unknown and there are no recommendations regarding their use. The development of novel antioxidant treatments that aim to abrogate the formation of DVT or promote its resolution will depend on the identification of targets that enable ROS modulation confined to their site of interest in order to prevent off-target effects on physiological redox mechanisms. Subgroups of patients with increased systemic oxidative stress might benefit from unspecific antioxidant treatment, but more clinical studies are needed to bring clarity to this issue.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Effects of Quercetin and Naringenin Are Associated with Impaired Neutrophil Microbicidal Activity

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francielli de Cássia Yukari Nishimura ◽  
Ana Carolina de Almeida ◽  
Bianca Altrão Ratti ◽  
Tânia Ueda-Nakamura ◽  
Celso Vataru Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Microbicidal Activity ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Antioxidant Agents ◽  
Antioxidant Effects

Naringenin and quercetin are considered antioxidant compounds with promising activity against oxidative damage in human cells. However, no reports have described their effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by phagocytes during microbicidal activity. Thus, the present study evaluated the effects of naringenin and quercetin on ROS production, specifically hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and their involvement in the microbicidal activity of neutrophils. Naringenin and quercetin inhibited HOCl production through different systems, but this inhibition was more pronounced for quercetin, even in the cell-free systems. With regard to the microbicidal activity of neutrophils, both naringenin and quercetin completely inhibited the killing ofStaphylococcus aureus. Altogether, these data indicate that the decrease in the oxidant activity of neutrophils induced by these compounds directly impaired the microbicidal activity of neutrophils. Naringenin and quercetin exerted their effects by controlling the effector mechanisms of ROS production, with both positive and negative effects of these antioxidant agents in oxidative stress conditions and on ROS in the microbicidal activity of phagocytes. The present results challenge the traditional view of antioxidants as improvers of pathological conditions.

scholarly journals Endometriosis and Oxidative Stress. Do Reactive Oxygen Species Always Lead to Damages of Gametes and Embryos?

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Török A ◽  
◽  
Máté G ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Tubal Infertility ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many reproductive disorders, such as endometriosis on the one hand, but on the other hand they participate in different cellular proliferation processes, too. Endometriosis is an apoptotic endometrial, menstrual cells and lysed erythrocytes-induced inflammatory disease outside the uterine cavity, which activates macrophages leading to ROS production and oxidative stress. However, based on the available literature, the reproductive outcomes are still contradictory. In this study, the demographic, embryological and clinical results of 252 patients suffering from tubal infertility (control), ASRM I-II and III-IV endometriosis were analyzed. Endometriosis was associated with decreased anti-Müllerian hormone level and increased gonadotropin doses during stimulation (p<0.0001). In ASRM III-IV, reduced embryological parameters were observed, which resulted in 13.73% and 15.21% decrements in the implantation rates, 19.96% and 23.89% in the clinical pregnancy rates of patients suffering from ASRM III-IV endometriosis in comparison with control or ASRM I-II, respectively. In addition, miscarriage rates were 19.04%, 29.03% and 38.46% in control, ASRM I-II and ASRM III-IV, respectively. In our study, the supposed altered oxido-reduction environment of gametes and embryos obviously exerted negative effects on the embryological and clinical parameters, but these effects could not be observed in case of mild endometriosis with low level of stress.

scholarly journals Reactive Oxygen Species and Abiotic Stress in Plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsanko Gechev ◽  
Veselin Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Stress Oxidative ◽  
Acid Toxicity

Abiotic stresses cause plant growth inhibition, damage, and in the most severe cases, cell death, resulting in major crop yield losses worldwide. Many abiotic stresses lead also to oxidative stress. Recent genetic and genomics studies have revealed highly complex and integrated gene networks which are responsible for stress adaptation. Here we summarize the main findings of the papers published in the Special Issue “ROS and Abiotic Stress in Plants”, providing a global picture of the link between reactive oxygen species and various abiotic stresses such as acid toxicity, drought, heat, heavy metals, osmotic stress, oxidative stress, and salinity.

Antioxidant responses to oxidant-mediated lung diseases

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (2) ◽  
pp. L246-L255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzy A. A. Comhair ◽  
Serpil C. Erzurum
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Antioxidant Responses ◽  
Oxidative Stresses ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Nonenzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Low Levels

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated throughout the human body. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants detoxify ROS and RNS and minimize damage to biomolecules. An imbalance between the production of ROS and RNS and antioxidant capacity leads to a state of “oxidative stress” that contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases by damaging lipids, protein, and DNA. In general, lung diseases are related to inflammatory processes that generate increased ROS and RNS. The susceptibility of the lung to oxidative injury depends largely on its ability to upregulate protective ROS and RNS scavenging systems. Unfortunately, the primary intracellular antioxidants are expressed at low levels in the human lung and are not acutely induced when exposed to oxidative stresses such as cigarette smoke and hyperoxia. However, the response of extracellular antioxidant enzymes, the critical primary defense against exogenous oxidative stress, increases rapidly and in proportion to oxidative stress. In this paper, we review how antioxidants in the lung respond to oxidative stress in several lung diseases and focus on the mechanisms that upregulate extracellular glutathione peroxidase.

scholarly journals Responses of Plants to Pesticide Toxicity: an Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. SHARMA ◽  
V. KUMAR ◽  
A.K. THUKRAL ◽  
R. BHARDWAJ
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Pesticide Toxicity ◽  
Pesticide Stress ◽  
The World

ABSTRACT: Pesticides are applied all over the world to protect plants from pests. However, their application also causes toxicity to plants, which negatively affects the growth and development of plants. Pesticide toxicity results in reduction of chlorophyll and protein contents, accompanied by decreased photosynthetic efficiency of plants. Pesticide stress also generates reactive oxygen species which causes oxidative stress to plants. To attenuate the negative effects of oxidative stress, the antioxidative defense system of plants gets activated, and it includes enzymatic antioxidants as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants. The present review gives an overview of various physiological responses of plants under pesticide toxicity in tabulated form.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress in Muscle Growth and Adaptation to Physical Exercise

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
Ihor Yurkevych
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Adaptation To Physical Exercise ◽  
Hormetic Effect ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis

In a few last decades oxidative stress detected in a variety of physiological processeswhere reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play a central role. Theyare directly involved in oxidation of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. In certain concentrationsthey are necessary for cell division, proliferation and apoptosis. Contractile muscle tissue at aerobicconditions form high ROS flow that may modulate a variety of cell functions, for exampleproliferation. However, slight increase in ROS level provide hormetic effect which may participatein adaptation to heavy weight training resulted in hypertrophy and proliferation of skeletal musclefibers. This review will discuss ROS types, sites of generation, strategies to increase forceproduction and achieve skeletal muscle hypertrophy

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes from Wheat Stalk against Bisphenol a Neurotoxicity in Zebrafish via Oxidative Stress

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1640
Author(s):  
Jie Gu ◽  
Min Guo ◽  
Liping Zheng ◽  
Xiaogang Yin ◽  
Linjun Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Exercise Behavior ◽  
Transgenic Zebrafish ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Neuroprotective Agents ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae

Lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) from different lignocellulosic biomass have shown biological qualities as antioxidant and immunostimulant. By contrast, the application of LCCs as protectant against neurotoxicity caused by different compounds is scarce. In this work, two kinds of LCCs with carbohydrate-rich and lignin-rich fractions were obtained from wheat stalk and used to protect against BPA-neurotoxicity in zebrafish. The results showed that BPA at a concentration of 500 µg/L results in neurotoxicity, including significant behavioral inhibition, and prevents the expression of central nervous system proteins in transgenic zebrafish models (Tg (HuC-GFP)). When the zebrafish was treated by LCCs, the reactive oxygen species of zebrafish decreased significantly with the change of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation, which was due to the LCCs’ ability to suppress the mRNA expression level of key genes related to nerves. This is essential in view of the neurotoxicity of BPA through oxidative stress. In addition, BPA exposure had negative effects on the exercise behavior, the catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and the larval development and gene expression of zebrafish larvae, and LCC preparations could recover these negative effects by reducing oxidative stress. In zebrafish treated with BPA, carbohydrate-rich LCCs showed stronger antioxidant activity than lignin-rich LCCs, showing their potential as a neuroprotective agents.

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