scholarly journals Novel Epigenetic Biomarkers in Pregnancy-Related Disorders and Cancers

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin-Kujundzic ◽  
Sola ◽  
Predavec ◽  
Potkonjak ◽  
Somen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Apoptotic Bodies ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Epigenetic Biomarkers ◽  
Circulating Nucleic Acids ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
In Pregnancy

As the majority of cancers and gestational diseases are prognostically stage- and grade-dependent, the ultimate goal of ongoing studies in precision medicine is to provide early and timely diagnosis of such disorders. These studies have enabled the development of various new diagnostic biomarkers, such as free circulating nucleic acids, and detection of their epigenetic changes. Recently, extracellular vesicles including exosomes, microvesicles, oncosomes, and apoptotic bodies have been recognized as powerful diagnostic tools. Extracellular vesicles carry specific proteins, lipids, DNAs, mRNAs, and miRNAs of the cells that produced them, thus reflecting the function of these cells. It is believed that exosomes, in particular, may be the optimal biomarkers of pathological pregnancies and cancers, especially those that are frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage, such as ovarian cancer. In the present review, we survey and critically appraise novel epigenetic biomarkers related to free circulating nucleic acids and extracellular vesicles, focusing especially on their status in trophoblasts (pregnancy) and neoplastic cells (cancers).

Circulating nucleic acids in serum from infertile patient as innovative non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers in IVF/ICSI

2014 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. e114
Author(s):  
S. Traver ◽  
S. Assou ◽  
E. Scalici ◽  
M. Monforte ◽  
S. Belloc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Infertile Patient ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Circulating Nucleic Acids

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis, Cargo Loading, and Release

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel A. Alli
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Apoptotic Bodies ◽  
Endosomal Membranes ◽  
Vesicle Biogenesis

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are carriers of various biomolecules including bioactive enzymes, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites. EVs are classified into three main types based on their size, biogenesis, and cargo. Exosomes originate from endosomal membranes and are the smallest type of EV. Microvesicles (MVs) or microparticles are larger in size, and like apoptotic bodies which represent the largest type of EVs, both of these vesicles originate from outward budding of the plasma membrane. As discussed in this chapter, cargo loading of EVs and their release into the extracellular space where they can be taken up by neighboring or distant cells plays an important role in physiology and pathophysiology. This chapter will outline specific mechanisms involved in the loading and enrichment of miRNAs, proteins, and lipids within EVs. As explained here, various external and biological stimuli play a role in EV release. Finally, recent studies have shown that the biogenesis, cargo loading, and release of EVs are governed by circadian rhythms. Although EVs were once thought to serve as garbage disposals of cells, the numerous roles they serve in physiology and pathophysiology are now being appreciated.

Circulating Nucleic Acids in Maternal Plasma and Serum in Pregnancy Complications: Are They Really Useful in Clinical Practice? A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilma Floriana Carbone ◽  
Alessandro Conforti ◽  
Silvia Picarelli ◽  
Danila Morano ◽  
Carlo Alviggi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Pregnancy Complications ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Circulating Nucleic Acids ◽  
In Pregnancy

The emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in ovarian cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin-xue Wang ◽  
Yi-xiang Wang ◽  
Yi-ke Li ◽  
Shi-yan Tu ◽  
Yi-qing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Apoptotic Bodies ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Gynecological Malignancy ◽  
Resistance To Chemotherapy

: Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the deadliest gynecological malignancy. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is its most common form. OC has both a poor prognosis and a high mortality rate due to the difficulties of early diagnosis, the limitation of current treatment and resistance to chemotherapy. Extracellular vesicles is a heterogeneous group of cellderived submicron vesicles which can be detected in body fluids, and it can be classified into three main types including exosomes, micro-vesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Cancer cells can produce more EVs than healthy cells. Moreover, the contents of these EVs have been found distinct from each other. It has been considered that EVs shedding from tumor cells may be implicated in clinical applications. Such as a tool for tumor diagnosis, prognosis and potential treatment of certain cancers. In this review, we provide a brief description of EVs in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, drug-resistant of OC. Cancer-related EVs show powerful influences on tumors by various biological mechanisms. However, the contents mentioned above remain in the laboratory stage and there is a lack of large-scale clinical trials, and the maturity of the purification and detection methods is a constraint. In addition, amplification of oncogenes on ecDNA is remarkably prevalent in cancer, it may be possible that ecDNA can be encapsulated in EVs and thus detected by us. In summary, much more research on EVs needs to be perform to reveal breakthroughs in OC and to accelerate the process of its application on clinic.

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