scholarly journals Detrimental Impact of Energy Drink Compounds on Developing Oligodendrocytes and Neurons

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serdar ◽  
Mordelt ◽  
Müser ◽  
Kempe ◽  
Felderhoff-Müser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Neuronal Morphology ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Taurine Treatment

The consumption of energy drinks is continuously rising, particularly in children and adolescents. While risks for adverse health effects, like arrhythmia, have been described, effects on neural cells remain elusive. Considering that neurodevelopmental processes like myelination and neuronal network formation peak in childhood and adolescence we hypothesized that developing oligodendrocytes and neurons are particularly vulnerable to main energy drink components. Immature oligodendrocytes and hippocampal neurons were isolated from P0-P1 Wistar rats and were incubated with 0.3 mg/mL caffeine and 4 mg/mL taurine alone or in combination for 24 h. Analysis was performed immediately after treatment or after additional three days under differentiating conditions for oligodendrocytes and standard culture for neurons. Oligodendrocyte degeneration, proliferation, and differentiation were assessed via immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. Neuronal integrity was investigated following immunocytochemistry by analysis of dendrite outgrowth and axonal morphology. Caffeine and taurine induced an increased degeneration and inhibited proliferation of immature oligodendrocytes accompanied by a decreased differentiation capacity. Moreover, dendritic branching and axonal integrity of hippocampal neurons were negatively affected by caffeine and taurine treatment. The negative impact of caffeine and taurine on developing oligodendrocytes and disturbed neuronal morphology indicates a high risk for disturbed neurodevelopment in children and adolescents by excessive energy drink consumption.

Recent Undesirable Life Events and Psychiatric Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence

1985 ◽  
Vol 147 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Goodyer ◽  
Israel Kolvin ◽  
Sonia Gatzanis
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Emotional Disturbance ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Community Controls ◽  
Severe Degree

A sample of children and adolescents (n = 157) attending a child psychiatry outpatient clinic with conduct or emotional disturbance were compared with community controls (n = 76) for the number and type of recent life events. A Life Events Schedule for children and adolescents was developed and used as a semi-structured interview. Four clinical groups were identified according to their predominant presenting symptoms (conduct, mild mood, severe mood, or somatic). An excess of events carrying a severe degree of negative impact was found for all four groups, compared with matched controls. Eleven classes of events were examined: there is a suggestion that two classes (marital/family, accident/illness) may be more important for conduct and mild mood disorders, and that a further class (permanent separations, termed exits) may be more important for somatic and severe mood disorders.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive, Multidisciplinary, Personalized, Lifestyle Intervention Program is Associated with Increased Leukocyte Telomere Length in Children and Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2682
Author(s):  
George Paltoglou ◽  
Christina Raftopoulou ◽  
Nicolas C. Nicolaides ◽  
Sofia M. Genitsaridi ◽  
Sofia I. Karampatsou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Lifestyle Intervention ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Biological Aging ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Lifestyle Interventions ◽  
Lifestyle Intervention Program

Leucocyte telomere length (LTL) is a robust marker of biological aging and is associated with obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in childhood and adolescence. We investigated the effect of a structured, comprehensive, multidisciplinary, personalized, lifestyle intervention program of healthy diet and physical exercise on LTL in 508 children and adolescents (239 males, 269 females; 282 prepubertal, 226 pubertal), aged 10.14 ± 0.13 years. Participants were classified as obese (n = 267, 52.6%), overweight (n = 174, 34.2%), or of normal BMI (n = 67, 13.2%) according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cutoff points and were studied prospectively for one year. We demonstrated that LTL increased significantly after 1 year of the lifestyle interventions, irrespective of gender, pubertal status, or body mass index (BMI). Waist circumference was the best negative predictor of LTL at initial assessment. The implementation of the lifestyle interventions also resulted in a significant improvement in clinical (BMI, BMI z-score and waist to height ratio) and body composition indices of obesity, inflammatory markers, hepatic enzymes, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), and lipid profile in all participants. These findings indicate that the increased LTL may be associated with a more favorable metabolic profile and decreased morbidity later in life.

scholarly journals Health Inequalities in Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review of the Mediating and Moderating Effects of Family Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7739
Author(s):  
Miriam Blume ◽  
Petra Rattay ◽  
Stephanie Hoffmann ◽  
Jacob Spallek ◽  
Lydia Sander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Scoping Reviews

This scoping review systematically mapped evidence of the mediating and moderating effects of family characteristics on health inequalities in school-aged children and adolescents (6–18 years) in countries with developed economies in Europe and North America. We conducted a systematic scoping review following the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews recommendations. We searched the PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus databases. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts and full texts. Evidence was synthesized narratively. Of the 12,403 records initially identified, 50 articles were included in the synthesis. The included studies were conducted in the United States (n = 27), Europe (n = 18), Canada (n = 3), or in multiple countries combined (n = 2). We found that mental health was the most frequently assessed health outcome. The included studies reported that different family characteristics mediated or moderated health inequalities. Parental mental health, parenting practices, and parent-child-relationships were most frequently examined, and were found to be important mediating or moderating factors. In addition, family conflict and distress were relevant family characteristics. Future research should integrate additional health outcomes besides mental health, and attempt to integrate the complexity of families. The family characteristics identified in this review represent potential starting points for reducing health inequalities in childhood and adolescence.

Probability assessment of facial nerve injury in children and adolescents during the elective maxillofacial surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-34
Author(s):  
O. Z. Topolnitsky ◽  
E. D. Askerov
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Legal Problem ◽  
Facial Nerve Injury ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
Clinical Center

Relevance. Various factors can cause facial neuropathy. Iatrogenic facial nerve injury in childhood and adolescence is a complicated medical, psychological and legal problem. Risk assessment of the facial nerve injury during the elective maxillofacial surgeries is required depending on the localization of the procedure. The statistical assessment is very important for the evaluation of the possible iatrogenic facial neuropathy in children and adolescents during the elective maxillofacial surgeries.Materials and methods. 715 medical records for 2017 from the Department of Pediatric Maxillofacial Surgery of the MSUMD Clinical Center for Maxillofacial, Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery were analyzed.Results. There was a risk of injury to the trunk or branches of the facial nerve during surgery in 121 cases (16,9%) for the technical complexity of the surgical approach and the pathology location.Conclusions. There is a high risk of the facial nerve injury during the elective maxillofacial surgery in children and adolescents due to the complex anatomy of the area. Intraoperative neuromonitoring is recommended to prevent iatrogenic neuropathy of the facial nerve.

Psychosocial Risks of Chronic Health Conditions in Childhood and Adolescence

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 876-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Chronic Health Conditions ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Chronic Health ◽  
Persistent Symptoms ◽  
The Impact

Chronic health conditions affect many children and adolescents. These conditions are illnesses or impairments that are expected to last for an extended period of time and require medical attention and care that is above and beyond what would normally be expected for a child or adolescent of the same age, extensive hospitalization, or in-home health services.1 These conditions include, among others, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, spina bifida, hemophilia, seizure disorders, neuromuscular disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and congenital heart diseases. Although each specific condition may be relatively or extremely rare, when they are considered together, many children and adolescents are affected. Health conditions may be characterized by their duration and their severity. Although these terms are often linked, they refer to different aspects of a health condition. A chronic condition is generally one that has lasted or is expected to last more than a defined period of time, usually 3 months or longer. Conditions vary widely in their onset, course, and duration.2 Severity refers to the impact a condition has on a child's physical, intellectual, psychological, or social functioning.3 This impact may occur as a result of persistent symptoms, required treatments, limitations of activity or mobility, or interference with school, recreation, work, and family activities. Current estimates are that between 10 and 20 million American children and adolescents have some type of chronic health condition or impairment. Most of these conditions are relatively mild and interfere little with the children's ability to participate in usual childhood activities.4 However.

Die schmerzende Schulter bei Kindern und Jugendlichen im Sport

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Overuse Injury ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Pediatric Trauma ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Age Appropriate

The shoulder is a particularly vulnerable joint in sports, and especially so in children and adolescents. The normal hypermobility during growth needs to be differentiated from pathological instability. Overuse injury has to be avoided or treated. Some injuries are specific for childhood and adolescence and need to be treated with a specific and age appropriate approach. Traumatic injury is seen as well, but in most cases of more importance for pediatric trauma specialist than sports medicine professionals. This review aims at giving an overview over the most important principles and diagnoses in dealing with sports related shoulder problems in pediatric and adolescent athletes.

Depressive Illnesses in Children and Adolescents: A Review of Current Concepts

1985 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Mcconville ◽  
R.T. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Considerable Progress ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In

Considerable progress has been made in our understanding of depressive illnesses in childhood and adolescence, especially over the last several years. A number of major books on the subject have now appeared, along with a large number of individual papers. This paper attempts to summarize current knowledge, and indicates developmental, age-related and other issues which still require further study.

Effect of feeding with bilberry fruit on the expression pattern of αCaMKII in hippocampal neurons in normal and diabetic rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Matysek ◽  
S. Mozel ◽  
R. Szalak ◽  
A. Zacharko-Siembida ◽  
K. Obszańska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Control

Abstract αCaMKII, widely occurring in the central nervous system, plays a significant role in cognitive processes. It is well known that diabetes is a risk factor that may trigger brain atrophy, cognitive dysfunction and finally lead to memory loss. Antioxidants richly present in bilberry fruits are believed to have significant effects on diabetes-related brain dysfunctions mainly due to their abilities to modulate neurotransmitter release that lead to reduction of the negative impact of free radicals on cognitive processes. The aim of the present research was to immunohistochemically investigate the expression patterns of αCaMKII in hippocampal neurons from non-diabetic, diabetic and diabetic rats fed with an extract of bilberry fruit. The obtained results show that in comparison to the control group, in diabetic rats hippocampal neurons immunoreactive (ir) to αCaMKII were swollen and the lengths of the neuronal fibres were reduced. Further study shows that in diabetic rats fed with bilberry fruit, αCaMKII-positive nerve fibres were significantly longer when compared to the groups of diabetic and control rats. Additionally, we observed statistically significant changes in the average larger diameter of αCaMKII-ir hippocampal neurons between groups of diabetic rats (with vs. without supplement of bilberry fruit). The results of the present work suggest that antioxidants present in bilberry fruits influence the morphology of and possibly exhibit beneficial and neuroprotective effects on hippocampal neurons during diabetes. It is likely that changes in the appearance of αCaMKII-expressed hippocampal neurons may reflect the diabetes-evoked rise in Ca2+ level in the cerebral nerve terminals. The present research extends our knowledge of preventive mechanisms for cognitive dysfunctions occurring in the brain during diabetes.

scholarly journals Astrocyte-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Regulate Dendritic Complexity through miR-26a-5p Activity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Luarte ◽  
Roberto Henzi ◽  
Anllely Fernández ◽  
Diego Gaete ◽  
Pablo Cisternas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Neuronal Morphology ◽  
Cultured Astrocytes ◽  
Neuronal Proteins ◽  
Dendritic Complexity ◽  
Mirna Content

In the last decades, it has been established that astrocytes play key roles in the regulation of neuronal morphology. However, the contribution of astrocyte-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) to morphological differentiation of neurons has only recently been addressed. Here, we showed that cultured astrocytes expressing a GFP tagged version of the stress-regulated astrocytic enzyme Aldolase C (Aldo C-GFP) release small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) which are transferred into cultured hippocampal neurons. Surprisingly, Aldo C-GFP-containing sEVs (Aldo C-GFP sEVs) displayed an exacerbated capacity to reduce the dendritic complexity in developing hippocampal neurons compared to sEVs derived from control (i.e. GFP-expressing) astrocytes. Using bioinformatics and biochemical tools, we found that the total content of overexpressed Aldo C-GFP correlates with an increased content of endogenous miRNA-26a-5p in both total astrocyte homogenates and sEVs. Notably, neurons magnetofected with a nucleotide sequence that mimics endogenous miRNA-26a-5p (mimic 26a-5p) not only decreased the levels of neuronal proteins associated to morphogenesis regulation and also reproduced morphological changes induced by Aldo-C-GFP sEVs. Furthermore, neurons magnetofected with a sequence targeting miRNA-26a-5p (antago 26a-5p) were largely resistant to Aldo C-GFP sEVs. Our results support a novel and complex level of astrocyte-to-neuron communication mediated by astrocyte-derived sEVs and the activity of their miRNA content.

scholarly journals Addressing the challenges and relational aspects of index-linked HIV testing for children and adolescents: insights from the B-GAP study in Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chido Dziva Chikwari ◽  
Sarah Bernays ◽  
Stefanie Dringus ◽  
Victoria Simms ◽  
Helen A Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Testing Uptake ◽  
Sexual Contacts

Abstract Introduction Index-linked HIV testing, targeted at sexual contacts or children of individuals with HIV, may improve yield and efficiency. The B-GAP study evaluated index-linked testing approaches in health facility and community-based settings. This paper reports on a qualitative study to understand factors that affect uptake of index-linked HIV testing for children and adolescents. Methods We conducted four focus group discussions (FGDs) with caregivers who had their children tested through B-GAP and one FGD with providers who offered index-linked HIV testing to indexes. We aimed to understand enabling and inhibiting factors in the decision-making process. Translated and transcribed transcripts were read for familiarisation. Following initial coding, analytical memos were written to identify emerging key themes across the data. Results Our findings showed there was inadequate emphasis on paediatric HIV in routine care which had a negative impact on subsequent uptake of testing for children. Once the decision to test had been made, access to facilities was sometimes challenging, and alleviated by community-based testing. A key finding was that HIV testing is not a discrete event but a process that was influenced by relationships with other family members and children themselves. These relationships raised complex issues that could prevent or delay the testing process. Conclusion There is a need to improve messaging on the importance of HIV testing for children and adolescents and to provide support to caregivers and their families in order to improve testing uptake. Addressing access barriers through the provision of community-based testing and implementing a family centred approach can optimize index-linked testing.

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