scholarly journals Modulation of Autophagy for Controlling Immunity

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Jin Jang ◽  
Jae Hwan Kim ◽  
Sanguine Byun
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Physiological Homeostasis ◽  
Autophagy Pathway ◽  
Key Steps ◽  
Additional Role

Autophagy is an essential process that maintains physiological homeostasis by promoting the transfer of cytoplasmic constituents to autophagolysosomes for degradation. In immune cells, the autophagy pathway plays an additional role in facilitating proper immunological functions. Specifically, the autophagy pathway can participate in controlling key steps in innate and adaptive immunity. Accordingly, alterations in autophagy have been linked to inflammatory diseases and defective immune responses against pathogens. In this review, we discuss the various roles of autophagy signaling in coordinating immune responses and how these activities are connected to pathological conditions. We highlight the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators that can impact immune responses and the mechanisms of action responsible.

scholarly journals Targeting Opposing Immunological Roles of the Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A in Autoimmunity and Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caio S. Bonilha ◽  
Robert A. Benson ◽  
James M. Brewer ◽  
Paul Garside
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Surface Adhesion ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Surface Adhesion Molecule

The junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is a cell surface adhesion molecule expressed on platelets, epithelial cells, endothelial cells and leukocytes (e. g. monocytes and dendritic cells). JAM-A plays a relevant role in leukocyte trafficking and its therapeutic potential has been studied in several pathological conditions due to its capacity to induce leukocyte migration out of inflamed sites or infiltration into tumor sites. However, disruption of JAM-A pathways may worsen clinical pathology in some cases. As such, the effects of JAM-A manipulation on modulating immune responses in the context of different diseases must be better understood. In this mini-review, we discuss the potential of JAM-A as a therapeutic target, summarizing findings from studies manipulating JAM-A in the context of inflammatory diseases (e.g. autoimmune diseases) and cancer and highlighting described mechanisms.

scholarly journals IL-1 Family Antagonists in Mouse and Human Skin Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Praxedis Martin ◽  
Jérémie D. Goldstein ◽  
Loïc Mermoud ◽  
Alejandro Diaz-Barreiro ◽  
Gaby Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Skin Inflammation ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Diseases ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Skin Biology

Interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines initiate inflammatory responses, and shape innate and adaptive immunity. They play important roles in host defense, but excessive immune activation can also lead to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. Dysregulated IL-1 family signaling is observed in a variety of skin disorders. In particular, IL-1 family cytokines have been linked to the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. The biological activity of pro-inflammatory IL-1 family agonists is controlled by the natural receptor antagonists IL-1Ra and IL-36Ra, as well as by the regulatory cytokines IL-37 and IL-38. These four anti-inflammatory IL-1 family members are constitutively and highly expressed at steady state in the epidermis, where keratinocytes are a major producing cell type. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge concerning their regulatory roles in skin biology and inflammation and their therapeutic potential in human inflammatory skin diseases. We further highlight some common misunderstandings and less well-known observations, which persist in the field despite recent extensive interest for these cytokines.

The Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Autophagy in The Treatment of Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Negin Chaeichi-Tehrani ◽  
Gordon A. Ferns ◽  
Seyed Mahdi Hassanian ◽  
Majid Khazaei ◽  
Amir Avan
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Molecular Target ◽  
Gastrointestinal Cancers ◽  
Digestive Organs ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Autophagy Pathway ◽  
Pharmacologic Agents ◽  
Cellular Components

: Autophagy is a mechanism by which unwanted cellular components are degraded through a pathway that involves the lysosomes and contributes to several pathological conditions such as cancer. Gastrointestinal cancers affect the digestive organs from the esophagus to the anus and are among the most commonly diagnosed cancers globally. The modulation of autophagy using pharmacologic agents potentially offers a great potential for cancer therapy. In this review, some commonly used compounds, together with their molecular target and the mechanism through which they stimulate or block the autophagy pathway as well as their therapeutic benefit in treating patients with gastrointestinal cancers, are summarized.

scholarly journals Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells: Immunomodulatory Effects and Therapeutic Potential

Physiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Al-Ghadban ◽  
Bruce A. Bunnell
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Graft Versus Host ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can self-renew and differentiate along multiple cell lineages. ASCs are also potently anti-inflammatory due to their inherent ability to regulate the immune system by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors that play a crucial role in the pathology of many diseases, including multiple sclerosis, diabetes mellitus, Crohn’s, SLE, and graft-versus-host disease. The immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of action of ASCs on pathological conditions are reviewed here.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN IN IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY – BACKGROUND

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-153
Author(s):  
K. Yu. Shardina ◽  
◽  
S. A. Zamorina ◽  
M. B. Raev ◽  
V. A. Chereshnev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Alpha Fetoprotein ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Transport Function ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Pathological Conditions

The immunopharmacological potential of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is closely related to its ability to modulate the activity of cells of the immune system. Due to the immunomodulating properties, as well as the transport function - the transfer of low molecular weight substances, AFP is used in the treatment of a number of pathological conditions. The first attempts to use the therapeutic potential of AFP are associated with the use of extracts of embryonic tissues, with the development of technology, purified AFP from abortive material was used as a drug, and in some cases, recombinant forms of AFP were used. These drugs are intended primarily for the treatment of autoimmune as well as cancer. The review presents data on known variants of AFP dosage forms. In general, the study of the mechanisms of action of AFP at the level of the immune system is currently an urgent issue.

scholarly journals HLJ1 amplifies endotoxin–induced sepsis severity by promoting IL-12 heterodimerization in macrophages

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Jia Luo ◽  
Sung-Liang Yu ◽  
Chia-Ching Chang ◽  
Min-Hui Chien ◽  
Keng-Mao Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Sepsis Severity ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Inducible Protein

Heat shock protein (HSP) 40 has emerged as a key actor in both innate and adaptive immunity, whereas the role of HLJ1, a molecular chaperone in HSP40 family, in modulating endotoxin–induced sepsis severity is still unclear. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize mouse liver nonparenchymal cell populations under LPS (lipopolysaccharide) stimulation, and show that HLJ1 deletion affected IFN-γ-related gene signatures in distinct immune cell clusters. HLJ1 deficiency also leads to reduced serum levels of IL-12 in LPS-treated mice, contributing to dampened production of IFN-γ in natural killer cells but not CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, and subsequently to improved survival rate. Adoptive transfer of HLJ1-deleted macrophages into LPS-treated mice results in reduced IL-12 and IFN-γ levels and protects the mice from IFN-γ–dependent mortality. In the context of molecular mechanisms, HLJ1 is an LPS-inducible protein in macrophages and converts misfolded IL-12p35 homodimers to monomers, which maintains bioactive IL-12p70 heterodimerization and secretion. This study suggests HLJ1 causes IFN-γ–dependent septic lethality by promoting IL-12 heterodimerization, and targeting HLJ1 has therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases involving activating IL-12/IFN-γ axis.

scholarly journals The Immuno-Modulation Effect of Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Xing ◽  
Xun Sun ◽  
Yiming Dou ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Yanmei Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Modulation Effect ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Regulatory Effects

As natural nanocarriers and intercellular messengers, extracellular vesicles (EVs) control communication among cells. Under physiological and pathological conditions, EVs deliver generic information including proteins and nucleic acids to recipient cells and exert regulatory effects. Macrophages help mediate immune responses, and macrophage-derived EVs may play immunomodulatory roles in the progression of chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, EVs derived from various macrophage phenotypes have different biological functions. In this review, we describe the pathophysiological significance of macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, and gastrointestinal disease, and the potential applications of these EVs.

scholarly journals Interferoncontaining drugs: clinical, pharmacological, and immunological points of their use for respiratory diseases treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 210-220
Author(s):  
J. M. Salmasi ◽  
A. N. Kazimirskii ◽  
I. V. Kukes ◽  
G. V. Poryadin ◽  
D. I. Pozdnyakov
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Interferon Alfa ◽  
Immunomodulatory Drugs ◽  
Pediatric Practice ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Immunomodulatory Drug ◽  
Area Of Application

Nowadays pharmacological group classified by the ATX L03AX code as immunostimulants is demand among doctors of various specialties. The main area of application of such drugs is infectious respiratory viral processes, which are associated not only with the pathogenetic action of viruses, but also with a high risk of bacterial complications. Thus, the practitioner is faced with the task of preventing such complications and choosing an immunomodulatory drug with the most pronounced pharmacodynamic properties in this regard. In Russia, there are many drugs belonging to the group of immunomodulators with different mechanisms of action and end pharmacological and immunological points of application. The emphasis of the mechanisms of action of such drugs is made on the effect on the systems of both innate and adaptive immunity. At the same time, the severity of the effect on both one and the other immune system in drugs that is strong enough may differ, which requires special attention from the doctor when choosing a drug in a particular situation. A special place in the group of immunomodulatory drugs used for infectious respiratory diseases is occupied by interferoncontaining drugs that contain interferon alfa-2b (IFN-a2b). In addition, there are combination of IFN-a2b with an immunoglobulin complex, which increases the effectiveness of this drug in the treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases. The article describes the theoretical and practical aspects of administration this combined drug in pediatric practice and presents own experimental studies.

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