scholarly journals The Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Malignant Melanoma

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2740
Author(s):  
Ying-Chen Cheng ◽  
Yu-An Chang ◽  
Yi-Jen Chen ◽  
Hsu-Min Sung ◽  
Ivan Bogeski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Different types of cells, such as endothelial cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, pericytes, and immune cells, release extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the tumor microenvironment. The components of EVs include proteins, DNA, RNA, and microRNA. One of the most important functions of EVs is the transfer of aforementioned bioactive molecules, which in cancer cells may affect tumor growth, progression, angiogenesis, and metastatic spread. Furthermore, EVs affect the presentation of antigens to immune cells via the transfer of nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins to recipient cells. Recent studies have also explored the potential application of EVs in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which EVs regulate melanoma development, progression, and their potentials to be applied in therapy. We initially describe vesicle components; discuss their effects on proliferation, anti-melanoma immunity, and drug resistance; and finally focus on the effects of EV-derived microRNAs on melanoma pathobiology. This work aims to facilitate our understanding of the influence of EVs on melanoma biology and initiate ideas for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Cellular based immunotherapy for primary liver cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Zheng ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Jiao Feng ◽  
Jingjing Li ◽  
Jie Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Primary Liver Cancer ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Tumor Microenvironments ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Common Malignancy ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

AbstractPrimary liver cancer (PLC) is a common malignancy with high morbidity and mortality. Poor prognosis and easy recurrence on PLC patients calls for optimizations of the current conventional treatments and the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies. For most malignancies, including PLC, immune cells play crucial roles in regulating tumor microenvironments and specifically recognizing tumor cells. Therefore, cellular based immunotherapy has its instinctive advantages in PLC therapy as a novel therapeutic strategy. From the active and passive immune perspectives, we introduced the cellular based immunotherapies for PLC in this review, covering both the lymphoid and myeloid cells. Then we briefly review the combined cellular immunotherapeutic approaches and the existing obstacles for PLC treatment.

Preface: Positive interactions between anti-infection drugs and the immune response: an emerging paradigm

Parasitology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 105 (S1) ◽  
pp. S1-S2
Author(s):  
M. J. Doenhoff ◽  
L. H. Chappell
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Slow Rate ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

SummaryIn the third and fourth decades of this century chemotherapy began to be established as one of the greatest success stories in medicine. Now unfortunately severe problems compromise the efficacy of drugs used to treat infectious diseases, two of the most serious handicaps being the rapidity with which target pathogens can develop drug-resistance and the slow rate at which replacement products are appearing on the market. Increased understanding of the ways in which existing drugs act may help both to prolong their usefulness and to generate novel therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Novel Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Chronic Pain

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2220
Author(s):  
Ellen Niederberger
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chronic Pain Conditions ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Pain Patients ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Pain is the most frequent cause triggering patients to visit a physician. The worldwide incidence of chronic pain is in the range of 20% of adults, and chronic pain conditions are frequently associated with several comorbidities and a drastic decrease in patients’ quality of life. Although several approved analgesics are available, such therapy is often not satisfying due to insufficient efficacy and/or severe side effects. Therefore, novel strategies for the development of safe and highly efficacious pain killers are urgently needed. To reach this goal, it is necessary to clarify the causes and signal transduction cascades underlying the onset and progression of the different types of chronic pain. The papers in this Special Issue cover a wide variety of mechanisms involved in different pain types such as inflammatory, neuropathic or cancer pain. Therefore, the results summarized here might contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms in chronic pain and thereby to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for pain patients.

PCSK9 Inhibitors: Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Lowering LDLCholesterol

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Zhao-Peng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Maximum Tolerated Dose ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Pcsk9 Inhibitors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Statins are currently the major therapeutic strategies to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. However, a number of hypercholesterolemia patients still have a residual cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk despite taking the maximum-tolerated dose of statins. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) binds to low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), inducing its degradation in the lysosome and inhibiting LDLR recirculating to the cell membranes. The gain-offunction mutations in PCSK9 elevate the LDL-C levels in plasma. Therefore, PCSK9 inhibitors become novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Several PCSK9 inhibitors have been under investigation, and much progress has been made in clinical trials, especially for monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). Two MoAbs, evolocumab and alirocumab, are now in clinical use. In this review, we summarize the development of PCSK9 inhibitors, including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering RNA (siRNA), small molecule inhibitor, MoAbs, mimetic peptides and adnectins, and the related safety issues.

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