scholarly journals Populus PtERF85 Balances Xylem Cell Expansion and Secondary Cell Wall Formation in Hybrid Aspen

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1971
Author(s):  
Carolin Seyfferth ◽  
Bernard A. Wessels ◽  
Jorma Vahala ◽  
Jaakko Kangasjärvi ◽  
Nicolas Delhomme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Transcriptional Networks ◽  
Ethylene Response Factor ◽  
Transgenic Trees ◽  
Hybrid Aspen ◽  
Xylem Cell

Secondary growth relies on precise and specialized transcriptional networks that determine cell division, differentiation, and maturation of xylem cells. We identified a novel role for the ethylene-induced Populus ethylene response factor PtERF85 (Potri.015G023200) in balancing xylem cell expansion and secondary cell wall (SCW) formation in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x tremuloides). Expression of PtERF85 is high in phloem and cambium cells and during the expansion of xylem cells, while it is low in maturing xylem tissue. Extending PtERF85 expression into SCW forming zones of woody tissues through ectopic expression reduced wood density and SCW thickness of xylem fibers but increased fiber diameter. Xylem transcriptomes from the transgenic trees revealed transcriptional induction of genes involved in cell expansion, translation, and growth. The expression of genes associated with plant vascular development and the biosynthesis of SCW chemical components such as xylan and lignin, was down-regulated in the transgenic trees. Our results suggest that PtERF85 activates genes related to xylem cell expansion, while preventing transcriptional activation of genes related to SCW formation. The importance of precise spatial expression of PtERF85 during wood development together with the observed phenotypes in response to ectopic PtERF85 expression suggests that PtERF85 contributes to the transition of fiber cells from elongation to secondary cell wall deposition.

scholarly journals Populus ERF85 balances xylem cell expansion and secondary cell wall formation in hybrid aspen

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Seyfferth ◽  
Bernard A Wessels ◽  
Jorma Vahala ◽  
Jaakko Kangasjarvi ◽  
Nicolas Delhomme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Transcriptional Networks ◽  
Ethylene Response Factor ◽  
Transgenic Trees ◽  
Xylem Differentiation ◽  
Hybrid Aspen ◽  
Xylem Cell

Secondary growth relies on precise and specialized transcriptional networks that determine cell division, differentiation, and maturation of xylem cells. We identify a novel role for the ethylene induced Populus ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR ERF85 (Potri.015G023200) in balancing xylem cell expansion and secondary cell wall (SCW) formation in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x tremuloides). Expression of ERF85 is high in phloem and cambium cells and during expansion of xylem cells, while it is low in maturing xylem tissue. Extending ERF85 expression into SCW forming zones of woody tissues through ectopic expression reduced wood density and SCW thickness of xylem fibers but increased fiber diameter. Xylem transcriptomes from the transgenic trees revealed transcriptional induction of genes involved in cell expansion, translation and growth. Expression of genes associated with plant vascular development and biosynthesis of SCW chemical components such as xylan and lignin, was downregulated in the transgenic trees. Our results suggest that ERF85 activates genes related with xylem cell expansion, while preventing transcriptional activation of genes related to SCW formation. The importance of precise spatial expression of ERF85 during wood development together with the observed phenotypes in response to ectopic ERF85 expression suggests that ERF85 functions as a switch between different phases of xylem differentiation during wood formation.

scholarly journals An AP 2/ ERF transcription factor ERF 139 coordinates xylem cell expansion and secondary cell wall deposition

2019 ◽  
Vol 224 (4) ◽  
pp. 1585-1599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Wessels ◽  
Carolin Seyfferth ◽  
Sacha Escamez ◽  
Thomas Vain ◽  
Kamil Antos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Xylem Cell ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Cell Wall Deposition ◽  
Erf Transcription Factor

Ectopic expression of SOD and APX genes in Arabidopsis alters metabolic pools and genes related to secondary cell wall cellulose biosynthesis and improve salt tolerance

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 1985-2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrina Shafi ◽  
Tejpal Gill ◽  
Insha Zahoor ◽  
Paramvir Singh Ahuja ◽  
Yelam Sreenivasulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Cellulose Biosynthesis

scholarly journals Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes Involved in the Secondary Cell Wall Biogenesis in Hybrid Aspen

2005 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 983-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Aspeborg ◽  
Jarmo Schrader ◽  
Pedro M. Coutinho ◽  
Mark Stam ◽  
Åsa Kallas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Hybrid Aspen ◽  
Carbohydrate Active Enzymes ◽  
Cell Wall Biogenesis

scholarly journals Decrease in cell size and cell wall components under ectopic expression of the CaRLK1 gene

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Ju Lee ◽  
Il-Chul Kim ◽  
Seungwoo Jeong ◽  
Seung Gon Wi ◽  
Suk Weon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Average Cell

Abstract BackgroundThe Capsicum annuum receptor-like kinase 1 (CaRLK1) gene encodes a transmembrane protein with a cytoplasmic kinase domain and an extracellular domain. It functions as a negative regulator of plant cell death. Ectopic expression of CaRLK1 showed the hypoxia-resistance and enhanced cell division and proliferation. In this study, it was investigated which genes were controlled by ectopic expression of CaRLK1 because it decreased its average cell size of transgenic RLK1ox cells compared with that of wild-type cells (BY-2). ResultsThe average diameter (AD) of the protoplast of RLK1ox cells was about 10 µm shorter than the AD of BY-2 cells. The diameter distribution of the circular protoplasts is mainly from 20 to 40 μm (71.7%) in RLK1ox cells, whereas from 30 to 50 μm (73.0%) in BY-2 cells. Furthermore, cell volume of RLK1ox cells is also 2.5-times smaller than that of BY-2 cells. Smaller cell size of the RLK1ox cells may be related with the inhibited cell expansion because expressions of 12 expansin A genes, 6 expansin-like B genes, 2 ACC synthase genes, and 5 ACC oxidase genes were suppressed, but expressions of 7 gibberellin 2-oxidase genes were induced. The cell walls between two RLK1ox cells are approximately 138.83±4.12 nm thick on average, while those between two BY-2 cells are approximately 156.58±4.54 nm thick. Furthermore, the total content of neutral sugars in the cell wall of RLK1ox cells is less than that of BY-2 cells (about 25%). The RLK1ox cells contained 30% less glucose content than did the BY-2 cells. Thinner cell wall of the RLK1ox cells is related with the decreased cellulose biosynthesis and hemicellulose biosynthesis. Expressions of 7 CESA genes, 5 sucrose synthase 1 genes, 3 mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase genes, and 6 glucomannan-4-beta-mannosyltransferase genes were suppressed. The suppressed expressions of 14 polygalacturonase genes may also contribute to make the cell wall of RLK1ox cell thinner than that of BY-2 cell. ConclusionOf special emphasis is its impact of CaRLK1 gene on cell size control and cell wall thickness. Smaller cell size of the RLK1ox cells correlates with the inhibited cell expansion.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis XTH4 and XTH9 contribute to wood cell expansion and secondary wall formation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunita Kushwah ◽  
Alicja Banasiak ◽  
Nobuyuki Nishikubo ◽  
Marta Derba-Maceluch ◽  
Mateusz Majda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Cell Wall Integrity ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Xylem Cell ◽  
Secondary Wall Thickening ◽  
Secondary Wall Formation

ABSTRACTIn dicotyledons, xyloglucan is the major hemicellulose of primary walls affecting the load-bearing framework with participation of XTH enzymes. We used loss- and gain-of function approaches to study functions of abundant cambial region expressed XTH4 and XTH9 in secondary growth. In secondarily thickened hypocotyls, these enzymes had positive effects on vessel element expansion and fiber intrusive growth. In addition, they stimulated secondary wall thickening, but reduced secondary xylem production. Cell wall analyses of inflorescence stems revealed changes in lignin, cellulose, and matrix sugar composition, indicating overall increase in secondary versus primary walls in the mutants, indicative of higher xylem production compared to wild type (since secondary walls were thinner). Intriguingly, the number of secondary cell wall layers was increased in xth9 and reduced in xth4, whereas the double mutant xth4x9 displayed intermediate number of layers. These changes correlated with certain Raman signals from the walls, indicating changes in lignin and cellulose. Secondary walls were affected also in the interfascicular fibers where neither XTH4 nor XTH9 were expressed, indicating that these effects were indirect. Transcripts involved in secondary wall biosynthesis and in cell wall integrity sensing, including THE1 and WAK2, were highly induced in the mutants, indicating that deficiency in XTH4 and XTH9 triggers cell wall integrity signaling, which, we propose, stimulates the xylem cell production and modulates secondary wall thickening. Prominent effects of XTH4 and XTH9 on secondary xylem support the hypothesis that altered xyloglucan can affect wood properties both directly and via cell wall integrity sensing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTXyloglucan is a ubiquitous component of primary cell walls in all land plants but has not been so far reported in secondary walls. It is metabolized in muro by cell wall-residing enzymes - xyloglucan endotransglycosylases/hydrolases (XTHs), which are reportedly abundant in vascular tissues, but their role in these tissues is unclear. Here we report that two vascular expressed enzymes in Arabidopsis, XTH4 and XTH9 contribute to the secondary xylem cell radial expansion and intrusive elongation in secondary vascular tissues.Unexpectedly, deficiency in their activities highly affect chemistry and ultrastructure of secondary cell walls by non-cell autonomous mechanisms, including transcriptional induction of secondary wall-related biosynthetic genes and cell wall integrity sensors. These results link xyloglucan metabolism with cell wall integrity pathways, shedding new light on previous reports about prominent effects of xyloglucan metabolism on secondary walls.One sentence summaryXTH4 and XTH9 positively regulate xylem cell expansion and fiber intrusive tip growth, and their deficiency alters secondary wall formation via cell wall integrity sensing mechanisms.

scholarly journals Ethylene signaling induces gelatinous layers with typical features of tension wood in hybrid aspen

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Felten ◽  
Jorma Vahala ◽  
Jonathan Love ◽  
András Gorzsás ◽  
Markus Rüggeberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Hybrid Aspen ◽  
Ethylene Signaling ◽  
Wild Type

SummaryResearch conductedThe phytohormone ethylene impacts secondary stem growth in plants by stimulating cambial activity, xylem development and fiber over vessel formation. Here we report the effect of ethylene on secondary cell wall formation and the molecular connection between ethylene signaling and wood formation.MethodsWe applied exogenous ethylene or its precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to wild type and ethylene insensitive hybrid aspen trees (Populus tremula x tremuloides) and studied secondary cell wall anatomy, chemistry and ultrastructure. We furthermore analyzed the transcriptome (RNA Seq) after ACC application to wild type and ethylene insensitive trees.Key resultsWe demonstrate that ACC and ethylene induce gelatinous-layers (G-layers) and alter the fiber cell wall cellulose microfibril angle. G-layers are tertiary wall layers rich in cellulose, typically found in tension wood of aspen trees. A vast majority of transcripts affected by ACC are downstream of ethylene perception and include a large number of transcription factors (TFs). Motif-analyses reveal potential connections between ethylene TFs (ERFs, EIN3/EIL1) and wood formation.ConclusionG-layer formation upon ethylene application suggests that the increase in ethylene biosynthesis observed during tension wood formation is important for its formation. Ethylene-regulated TFs of the ERF and EIN3/EIL1 type could transmit the ethylene signal.

scholarly journals Ectopic Expression of a Cell-Wall-Degrading Enzyme-Induced OsAP2/ERF152 Leads to Resistance against Bacterial and Fungal Infection in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 726-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakuntala E. Pillai ◽  
Chandan Kumar ◽  
Madhumita Dasgupta ◽  
Bipin K. Kumar ◽  
Sridivya Vungarala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Ethylene Response Factor ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Transient Activation ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein

Pathogen secreted cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) induce plant innate immune responses. The expression of rice transcription factor APETALA2/ethylene response factor-152 (OsAP2/ERF152) is enhanced in leaves upon treatment with different CWDEs and upon wounding. Ectopic expression of OsAP2/ERF152 in Arabidopsis leads to induction of immune responses such as callose deposition and upregulation of both salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid/ethylene-responsive defense genes. Arabidopsis transgenics expressing OsAP2/ERF152 exhibited resistance to infections caused by both bacterial and fungal pathogens (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA, respectively). Ectopic expression of OsAP2/ERF152 results in transient activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases 3/6 (MPK3/6), which could be leading to the induction of a broad range immunity in Arabidopsis.

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