scholarly journals Biolubricants from Rapeseed and Castor Oil Transesterification by Using Titanium Isopropoxide as a Catalyst: Production and Characterization

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 366 ◽  
Author(s):  
José María Encinar ◽  
Sergio Nogales-Delgado ◽  
Nuria Sánchez ◽  
Juan Félix González
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Titanium Isopropoxide ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Catalyst Production ◽  
Better Than

The transesterification of rapeseed and castor oil methyl esters with different alcohols (2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-heptanol and 4-methyl-2-pentanol) and titanium isopropoxide as a catalyst, to produce biolubricants, was carried out. Parameters such as temperature, alcohol/methyl ester molar ratio, and catalyst concentration were studied to optimize the process. The reaction evolution was monitored with the decrease in FAME concentration by gas chromatography. In general, the reaction was almost complete in two hours, obtaining over 93% conversions. All the variables studied influenced on the reaction yields. Once the optimum conditions for the maximum conversion and minimum costs were selected, a characterization of the biolubricants obtained, along with the study of the influence of the kind of alcohol used, was carried out. The biolubricants had some properties that were better than mineral lubricants (flash points between 222 and 271 °C), needing the use of additives when they do not comply with the standards (low viscosity for rapeseed biolubricant, for instance). There was a clear influence of fatty acids of raw materials (oleic and ricinoleic acids as majority fatty acids in rapeseed and castor oil, respectively) and the structure of the alcohol used on the final features of the biolubricants.

scholarly journals ESTERIFICATION OF FATTY ACID FROM PALM OIL WASTE (SLUDGE OIL) BY USING ALUM CATALYST

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamrin Usman ◽  
Lucy Ariany ◽  
Winda Rahmalia ◽  
Romi Advant
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Refraction Index ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Yield ◽  
Reactant Ratio ◽  
Waste Sludge ◽  
Optimal Reaction ◽  
Product Viscosity

Esterification of fatty acids from palm oil waste (sludge oil) as biodiesel liquid base has been done by using alum [Al2(SO4)3.14H2O] catalyst. Some reaction variables like reaction time, catalyst quantity, and molar ratio of sample-reactant was applied for optimal reaction. Yield of 94.66% was obtained at reaction condition 65 °C, 5 h, sample-reactant ratio 1:20, and catalyst quantity 3% (w/w). GC-MS analysis request showed that composition of methyl esters biodiesel are methyl caproic (0.67%), methyl lauric (0.21%), methyl miristic (1.96%), methyl palmitic (49.52%), methyl oleic (41.51%), and methyl stearic (6.13%). Physical properties of synthesized product (viscosity, refraction index and density) are similar with those of commercial product.   Keywords: alum, biodiesel, esterification, sludge oil

Characterization of Medium Density Particleborads Using Agricultural Residues

2015 ◽  
Vol 1088 ◽  
pp. 656-659
Author(s):  
Ivaldo D. Valarelli ◽  
Rosane A.G. Battistelle ◽  
Barbara Stolte Bezerra ◽  
Luiz A. Melgaço N. Branco ◽  
Eduardo Chahud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Mechanical Characterization ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Polyurethane Resin

In recent years the production of products derived from wood and bamboo are increasing, due to the search for a more rational exploitation of these raw materials. Amongst these products, the particleboards production combine sustainability and rationality in the use of these materials. In this context, this work has the objective to study the application of alternative raw materials in the manufacture of Medium Density Particleboards (MDP), using residues from industrial processimg of coffee and bamboo. MDP had been produced with particles of giganteus bamboo of the Dendrocalamus species and particle of coffee rind in the intermediate layer of the particleboard, bonded with polyurethane resin based on castor oil. The physical and mechanical characterization was carried out accordingly to NBR 14810-3 (2006). The physical properties evaluated were: of water absorption for 2h and 24h; thickness swallowing for 2h and 24h; density, humidity content. The mechanical properties evaluated were: Tensile strength, static bending (MOR and MOE). The results were compared with NBR 14810-2 (2006) and also with the ANSI A208-1 (1993). The physical performance of these particleboards was below the values recommend by the Brazilian norm. Also the mechanical characteristics are not improve, demonstrating that the inclusion of coffee rind did not benefit the physical characteristics and nor the mechanical ones. However it can be used as construction materials for partitions and ceiling panels.

Synthesis and Characterization of Super-Molecular Ionic Liquids

2011 ◽  
Vol 197-198 ◽  
pp. 906-910
Author(s):  
Hui Ru Liu ◽  
Li Qiang Lv ◽  
Xing Chen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Quantum Chemical ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Molecular Ion

This study concerned a novel super-molecular ionic liquid synthesized by ammonium thiocyanate and caprolactam. The physical characters such as melting point and electric conductivity were investigated. Results showed that the melting point is -12.2°C at the molar ratio of 3:1 (caprolactam/ammonium thiocyanate), which is much lower than raw materials. The electric conductivities of synthesized ionic liquids were close to that of imidazole ILs. The structure of ionic liquid was characterized by IR,1HNMR and quantum chemical calculations. It was shown that the NH4+cation connected with caprolactam organic molecules by hydrogen bonds, leading to the forming of a super-molecular ion. The electrostatic attraction of super-molecular ion with anion was decreased because of the larger volume of super-molecular ion than original cation, thus the melting point decreased. The key properties that distinguish super-molecular ionic liquid from other ILs were the presence of supermolecular ion, which can be used to build up a hydrogen-bonded network. This type ion liquid was named as super-molecular ion liquid.

Solvothermal Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of Gd2O2S:RE3+ (RE3+=Eu3+/Tb3+) Hollow Sphere

2019 ◽  
Vol 807 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Xi Xu ◽  
Xiao Tong Sang ◽  
Jing Bao Lian ◽  
Nian Chu Wu ◽  
Xue Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Solvothermal Synthesis ◽  
Solvothermal Method ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hollow Spheres ◽  
Hollow Structure ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electronic Microscope

Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions singly activated Gd2O2S hollow spheres have been successfully synthesized via solvothermal method by using Gd (NO3)3, Eu (NO3)3, Tb (NO3)3 and thiourea as raw materials. Detailed characterization of the as-prepared samples were obtained by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electronic microscope (TEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that at 220 oC for 24 h, the molar ratio of thiourea/Gd3+ has no significant impact on the phase composition of Gd2O2S products. With the reaction time increased from 6 h to 24 h, the morphology of Gd2O2S samples changed from ellipsoidal to near-spheroidal structure, but still remained hollow structure. PL results show that the strongest emission peaks for Gd2O2S:Eu3+ and Gd2O2S:Tb3+ samples were centered at 625 nm and 545 nm, corresponding to the 5D0→7F2 transition of Eu3+ ions and 5D4→7F5 transition of Tb3+ ions, respectively. The quenching concentrations for Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions were 12% and 6%, which can be attributed to the exchange interaction for Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions, respectively.

A Novel Route for Conversion of Free Fatty Acids in Acidic Oils to Methyl Esters by In-Situ Hydrolysis of Methyl Acetate

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijaya Lakshmi Ch ◽  
Uday Bhaskar R.V.S ◽  
Viswanath Kotra ◽  
Satyavathi Bankupalli
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Higher Alcohol

Biodiesel from clean oils is comparatively easier than production from crude and non-edible oils. To achieve maximum yield of biodiesel, a two stage process is adopted in which non-edible oils are used as feed-stock: an acid catalyzed esterification of free fatty acids followed by base catalyzed transesterification. Presence of water formed during esterification reaction is detrimental to a viable transesterification process. In the present work, an alternate method for removal of water by in situ hydrolysis reaction of methyl acetate is introduced. The dehydration using methyl acetate during esterification has yielded good results as the soap formed during transesterification was minimal. The results indicated high conversion of triglycerides to methyl ester for lower oil to methanol ratio and at a lower temperature. For 1:3 molar ratio of oil to methanol, the conversion obtained was less than 90 percent and is equivalent to conversions with higher alcohol ratios during esterification in the absence of methyl acetate. These results are indicative of the fact that use of methyl acetate reduces the alcohol to oil ratio without affecting the conversions. Moreover, higher conversions are possible at lower temperatures in the presence of methyl acetate. It is further observed that the oils that are subjected to free fatty acid conversions in the presence of methyl acetate record very little soap formation during the transesterification reactions, thereby resulting in higher grade of biodiesel.

scholarly journals Chemical and Biological Investigation of Organic Wastes of Frying Oils and Beef Fats: Valorization for Biodiesel Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine Souissi ◽  
Meha Alouini ◽  
Wissem Mnif
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biological Investigation ◽  
Frying Oils ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification ◽  
Different Sources

The present study investigates the different approaches of biodiesel production by exploiting low cost feedstocks such as organic wastes of frying oils (WFO) and wastes of beef fats (WBF). The aim was to compare not only two different sources of waste raw materials but also different approaches of biodiesel production. Biodiesel which refers to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was produced by both chemical and enzymatic transesterification. The characterization of the biodiesel produced by both approaches was performed according to the European standard EN 14214. The results showed that the biological method gave a richer FAME biodiesel through the catalysis of whole-cell lipase. However, for the chemical method, better biodiesel physicochemical properties were observed for the two raw materials. Therefore, it would be interesting to compromise by optimizing the biological biodiesel production approach in order to obtain a better quality in coherence with EN 14214 requirements.

Preparation and Characterization of Hyperbranched Silicone Oil by Hydrosilylation Reaction

2013 ◽  
Vol 395-396 ◽  
pp. 363-366
Author(s):  
Zhu Liu ◽  
Hua Shi Liu ◽  
Rui Fang Guan ◽  
Chuan Jian Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Viscosity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Straight Chain ◽  
Hydrosilylation Reaction ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Structures And Properties

Hyperbranched silicone oil was prepared using low-polyhydrosiloxane and vinyl terminated methylphenyl silicone oil as the raw materials through hydrosilylation reaction. The structures and properties of hyperbranched silicone oil were characterized through 1H NMR, TG and dynamic viscosity. The influence on synthesis of hyperbranched silicone oil was discussed, which was caused by ratio of different raw materials. When molar ratio of Si-H bond and Si-Vi bond of raw materials was 3.5:1 (mol), the reaction degree of hyperbranched silicone oils double bond was as high as 80%. At room temperature and 100°C, comparing the dynamic viscosity of hyperbranched silicone oil and straight chain silicone oil, we found that viscosity decrease rate of hyperbranched silicone oil was obviously lower. TG curve of hyperbranched silicone oil and straight chain silicone oil also certified that the hyperbranched silicone oil has higher thermal stability than the straight chain phenyl silicone oil. Therefore hyperbranched silicone oil is more suitable for the preparation of high-performance elastic clay than straight chain silicone oil.

scholarly journals Production and Characterization of Biodiesel Using Nonedible Castor Oil by Immobilized Lipase fromBacillus aerius

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar Narwal ◽  
Nitin Kumar Saun ◽  
Priyanka Dogra ◽  
Ghanshyam Chauhan ◽  
Reena Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Chemical Reactor ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Free System ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Solvent Free System ◽  
Substrate Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimized Conditions

A novel thermotolerant lipase fromBacillus aeriuswas immobilized on inexpensive silica gel matrix. The immobilized lipase was used for the synthesis of biodiesel using castor oil as a substrate in a solvent free system at 55°C under shaking in a chemical reactor. Several crucial parameters affecting biodiesel yield such as incubation time, temperature, substrate molar ratio, and amount of lipase were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the highest biodiesel yield was up to 78.13%. The characterization of synthesized biodiesel was done through FTIR spectroscopy,1H NMR spectra, and gas chromatography.

Preparation and Characterization of Stable TiO2 Colloid Composing of Nearly Monodispersive TiO2 Nanocrystallite

2013 ◽  
Vol 798-799 ◽  
pp. 63-66
Author(s):  
Hong Liang Li ◽  
Ai Ping Fu ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Yan Zi Wu
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Anatase Phase ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Ultrasound Irradiation ◽  
Titanium Isopropoxide ◽  
Organic Additive ◽  
Molar Ratio

Stable TiO2 colloids composing of narrow size distrubuted anatase TiO2 nanocrystals were prepared using quaternary ammonium hydroxide, such as Me4NOH, Et4NOH and Bu4NOH, as catalyst. TEM and UV-Vis spectra measurements showed that the TiO2 colloids are quite stable in air or under ultrasound irradiation and the size of the TiO2 particles of the colloids can be tuned by changing the molar ratio of Titanium isopropoxide and the organic additive. The additive can be removed when the dried gel were calcined at 450°C for two hours, resulting in pure TiO2 nanocrystal in anatase phase.

Correlation between Microstructure and Magnetic Properties on MnZn Ferrite with Bi2O3 Increasing Addition

2014 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Mihai Branzei ◽  
Ionut Cristea ◽  
Ion Ciuca ◽  
Adrian Bibiș ◽  
Marcel Feder
Keyword(s):  
Ball Mill ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steel Ball ◽  
Ceramic Technology ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Quantitative Characterization ◽  
Mnzn Ferrite ◽  
Sintered Powder ◽  
Microstructure And Magnetic Properties

The aim of this paper is quantitative characterization of a MnZn ferrite with Bi2O3increasing addition using the Image-Pro Plus software from Media Cybernetics. The sample matrix is a ferrite with the following chemical composition: Mn0.54Zn0.37Fe2.06O4. We applied the conventional ceramic technology in order to obtain the samples. Thus, the raw materials, i.e. αFe2O3, Mn3O4, and ZnO, in a molar ratio 53:28:19 were mixed in suitable proportions in a steel ball-mill using demineralized water. The mixture was burn off at 800 °C for 1 hour, in air. The pre-sintered powder was milled in steel ball-mill with increasing addition of Bi2O3(0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.10, 0.30, 0.50 wt %). For quick references, the sample without bismuth ions was denoted and the samples with increasing concentrations were numbered from 1, 7.

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