scholarly journals The Distinctive Serum Metabolomes of Gastric, Esophageal and Colorectal Cancers

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 720
Author(s):  
Zhenxing Ren ◽  
Cynthia Rajani ◽  
Wei Jia
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Cancers ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Serum Metabolomics ◽  
The Warburg Effect

Three of the most lethal cancers in the world are the gastrointestinal cancers—gastric (GC), esophageal (EC) and colorectal cancer (CRC)—which are ranked as third, sixth and fourth in cancer deaths globally. Early detection of these cancers is difficult, and a quest is currently on to find non-invasive screening tests to detect these cancers. The reprogramming of energy metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, notably, an increased dependence on aerobic glycolysis which is often referred to as the Warburg effect. This metabolic change results in a unique metabolic profile that distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells. Serum metabolomics analyses allow one to measure the end products of both host and microbiota metabolism present at the time of sample collection. It is a non-invasive procedure requiring only blood collection which encourages greater patient compliance to have more frequent screenings for cancer. In the following review we will examine some of the most current serum metabolomics studies in order to compare their results and test a hypothesis that different tumors, notably, from EC, GC and CRC, have distinguishing serum metabolite profiles.

The measurement of glucocorticoid concentrations in the serum and faeces of captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana) after ACTH stimulation : research communication

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K. Stead ◽  
D.G.A. Meltzer ◽  
R. Palme
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
African Elephants ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Faecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Cortisol Metabolites

Conventionally, the assessment of adrenal responses to stress relies on blood sample collection. However, blood collection from animals is impossible without restraint or immobilisation that influences results. This study was undertaken to validate recently established enzyme immunoassays that measure faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in elephants, and to perform a preliminary investigation into the biological relevance of this non-invasive method for use in assessing the degree of stress in this species. Four juvenile African elephants were injected i.m. with 2.15 mg synthetic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (Synacthén, Novartis, Switzerland). Blood and faecal samples were collected over 4 h and 7 d respectively. Concentrations of serum cortisol and faecal cortisol metabolites were determined using immunoassay. Variability of basal and peak values in blood and faeces was observed among the elephants. After ACTH injection, serum cortisol concentrations increased by 400-700 %. An 11-oxoaetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay (EIA) proved best suited to measure cortisol metabolites (11,17-dioxoandrostanes) when compared to a cortisol and corticosterone EIA in faecal samples. Concentrations of faecal 11,17-dioxoandrostanes increased by 570-1070 %, reaching peak levels after 20.0-25.5 h. Greater levels of glucocorticoid metabolites were measured in faecal samples from elephants kept in small enclosures compared to levels in the faeces of animals ranging over a larger area. The results of this preliminary study suggest that non-invasive faecal monitoring of glucocorticoid metabolites is useful in investigating adrenal activity in African elephants.

Electronic Noses in Medical Diagnostics

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Wojnowski ◽  
Tomasz Dymerski ◽  
Jacek Gębicki ◽  
Jacek Namieśnik
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Electronic Noses ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Current Trends

Background:Electronic nose technology is being developed in order to analyse complex mixtures of volatiles in a way parallel to biologic olfaction. When applied in the field of medicine, the use of such devices should enable the identification and discrimination between different diseases. In this review, a comprehensive summary of research in medical diagnostics using electronic noses is presented. A special attention has been paid to the application of these devices and sensor technologies, in response to current trends in medicine.Methods:Peer-reviewed research literature pertaining to the subject matter was identified based on a search of bibliographic databases. The quality and relevance of retrieved papers was assessed using standard tools. Their content was critically reviewed and certain information contained therein was compiled in tabularized form.Results:The majority of reviewed studies show promising results, often surpassing the accuracy and sensitivity of established diagnostic methods. However, only a relatively small number of devices have been field tested. The methods used for sample collection and data processing in various studies were listed in a table, together with electronic nose models used in these investigations.Conclusion:Despite the fact that devices equipped with arrays of chemical sensors are not routinely used in everyday medical practice, their prospective use would solve some established issues in medical diagnostics, as well as lead to developments in prophylactics by facilitating a widespread use of non-invasive screening tests.

scholarly journals Clinical Evaluation of the Torq Zero Delay Centrifuge System for Decentralized Blood Collection and Stabilization

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019
Author(s):  
Kyungjin Hong ◽  
Gabriella Iacovetti ◽  
Ali Rahimian ◽  
Sean Hong ◽  
Jon Epperson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Rapid Separation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Collection Device ◽  
Precision Study ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Blood Specimens

Blood sample collection and rapid separation—critical preanalytical steps in clinical chemistry—can be challenging in decentralized collection settings. To address this gap, the Torq™ zero delay centrifuge system includes a lightweight, hand-portable centrifuge (ZDrive™) and a disc-shaped blood collection device (ZDisc™) enabling immediate sample centrifugation at the point of collection. Here, we report results from clinical validation studies comparing performance of the Torq System with a conventional plasma separation tube (PST). Blood specimens from 134 subjects were collected and processed across three independent sites to compare ZDisc and PST performance in the assessment of 14 analytes (K, Na, Cl, Ca, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, albumin, total protein, cholesterol, and triglycerides). A 31-subject precision study was performed to evaluate reproducibility of plasma test results from ZDiscs, and plasma quality was assessed by measuring hemolysis and blood cells from 10 subject specimens. The ZDisc successfully collected and processed samples from 134 subjects. ZDisc results agreed with reference PSTs for all 14 analytes with mean % biases well below clinically significant levels. Results were reproducible across different operators and ZDisc production lots, and plasma blood cell counts and hemolysis levels fell well below clinical acceptance thresholds. ZDiscs produce plasma samples equivalent to reference PSTs. Results support the suitability of the Torq System for remotely collecting and processing blood samples in decentralized settings.

scholarly journals PCR vs karyotype for CVS and amniocentesis—the experience at one tertiary fetal medicine unit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Finnegan ◽  
Suzanne Smyth ◽  
Orla Smith ◽  
Karen Flood ◽  
Jane Dalrymple ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Pregnancy Termination ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Fetal Medicine ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Fetal Aneuploidy ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Normal Ultrasound ◽  
Fetal Karyotype

Abstract Purpose Despite the rise of non-invasive screening tests for fetal aneuploidy, invasive testing during pregnancy remains the definitive diagnostic tool for fetal genetic anomalies. Results are rapidly available with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, but cases have been reported whereby initial results were not confirmed after pregnancy termination and the fetal karyotype was ultimately normal. We sought to examine the potential discordance between PCR and karyotype for fetal aneuploidy. Methods The results from all amniocentesis and CVS tests performed over a 6-year period in a large tertiary level fetal medicine unit were reviewed. The results of PCR and karyotype were recorded and discrepancies examined. Pregnancy outcomes were also recorded. Results A total of 1222 invasive tests were performed (716 amniocentesis and 506 CVS). Within the cohort having amniocentesis, 11 had discrepant results (normal QF-PCR result but with a subsequent abnormal karyotype). There was 1 case among this group which QF-PCR should have identified. Within the CVS group, 7 patients had discrepant results. All had a diploid QF-PCR and would not have been identified as abnormal by it. Conclusion PCR can be reliably used to determine aneuploidy of chromosomes 13, 18, and 21. However, in cases of sex chromosome aneuploidy, its performance is less reliable and warrants waiting for a complete karyotype. Given such discordance, we advise waiting for karyotype for all invasive tests performed in the presence of a normal ultrasound before advising a patient of a diploid QF-PCR result or potentially terminating a normal pregnancy.

scholarly journals Assessment of a change of protocol of prenatal screening by inclusion of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío Cabra-Rodríguez ◽  
Guadalupe Bueno Rodríguez ◽  
Cristina Santos Rosa ◽  
Miguel Ángel Castaño López ◽  
Sonia Delgado Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Screening ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Loss To Follow Up ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Second Trimester Screening ◽  
Trimester Screening

AbstractObjectivesNon-invasive prenatal screening (NIPS) is a test for the detection of major fetal chromosomal abnormalities in maternal blood during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of NIPS implemented within the framework of the Screening Program for Congenital Abnormalities of the Andalusian Health System.MethodsA retrospective observational study was undertaken to determine the number of NIPS tests performed since its introduction. The number of invasive diagnostic tests done after the implementation of NIPS in the patients included in the program between March 2016 and August 2017 was also quantified.ResultsA total of 6,258 combined first- and second trimester screening tests were performed, covering 95% of the population. In total, 250 subjects were identified as high risk, of whom 200 underwent NIPS after loss to follow-up. NIPS showed a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 76.84–100%) and a specificity of 99.46% (95% CI: 97.04–99.99%).ConclusionsThis test has proven to have a very high sensitivity and specificity. The results obtained demonstrate that the incorporation of NIPS in clinical practice minimizes the rate of miscarriages and reduces the frequency of invasive procedures by 70%.

scholarly journals Palpreast—A New Wearable Device for Breast Self-Examination

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Arcarisi ◽  
Licia Di Pietro ◽  
Nicola Carbonaro ◽  
Alessandro Tognetti ◽  
Arti Ahluwalia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Wearable Device ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Breast Self Examination ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Self Examination

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Although targeted screening programs using mammography have facilitated earlier detection and improved treatment has resulted in a significant reduction in mortality, some negative aspects related to cost, the availability of trained staff, the duration of the procedure, and its non-generalizability to all women must be taken into consideration. Breast palpation is a simple non-invasive procedure that can be performed by lay individuals for detecting possible malignant nodules in the breast. It is a simple test, based on the haptic perception of different stiffness between healthy and abnormal tissues. According to a survey we carried out, despite being safe and simple, breast self-examination is not carried by women because they are not confident of their ability to detect a lump. In this study, a non-invasive wearable device designed to mimic the process of breast self-examination using pressure sensing textiles and thus increase the confidence and self-awareness of women is proposed. Combined with other screening methods, the device can increase the odds of early detection for better prognosis. Here, we present the physical implementation of the device and a finite element analysis of the mechanics underlying its working principle. Characterization of the device using models of large and medium breast phantoms with rigid inclusions demonstrates that it can detect nodules in much the same way as does the human hand during breast self-examination.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of input functions from a dynamic PET image with sequential administration of 15O2 and H215O for noninvasive and ultra-rapid measurement of CBF, OEF, and CMRO2

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 780-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Kudomi ◽  
Yukito Maeda ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Yuka Yamamoto ◽  
Tetsuhiro Hatakeyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Sequential Administration ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Arterial Input Functions

CBF, OEF, and CMRO2 images can be quantitatively assessed using PET. Their image calculation requires arterial input functions, which require invasive procedure. The aim of the present study was to develop a non-invasive approach with image-derived input functions (IDIFs) using an image from an ultra-rapid O2 and C15O2 protocol. Our technique consists of using a formula to express the input using tissue curve with rate constants. For multiple tissue curves, the rate constants were estimated so as to minimize the differences of the inputs using the multiple tissue curves. The estimated rates were used to express the inputs and the mean of the estimated inputs was used as an IDIF. The method was tested in human subjects ( n = 24). The estimated IDIFs were well-reproduced against the measured ones. The difference in the calculated CBF, OEF, and CMRO2 values by the two methods was small (<10%) against the invasive method, and the values showed tight correlations ( r = 0.97). The simulation showed errors associated with the assumed parameters were less than ∼10%. Our results demonstrate that IDIFs can be reconstructed from tissue curves, suggesting the possibility of using a non-invasive technique to assess CBF, OEF, and CMRO2.

scholarly journals Multianalyte Tests for the Early Detection of Cancer: Speedbumps and Barriers

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 117727190700200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Tainsky ◽  
Madhumita Chatterjee ◽  
Nancy K. Levin ◽  
Sorin Draghici ◽  
Judith Abrams
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Molecular Event ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
In Vitro Diagnostic

It has become very clear that a single molecular event is inadequate to accurately predict the biology (or pathophysiology) of cancer. Furthermore, using any single molecular event as a biomarker for the early detection of malignancy may not comprehensively identify the majority of individuals with that disease. Therefore, the fact that technologies have arisen that can simultaneously detect several, possibly hundreds, of biomarkers has propelled the field towards the development of multianalyte-based in vitro diagnostic early detection tests for cancer using body fluids such as serum, plasma, sputum, saliva, or urine. These multianalyte tests may be based on the detection of serum autoantibodies to tumor antigens, the presence of cancer-related proteins in serum, or the presence of tumor-specific genomic changes that appear in plasma as free DNA. The implementation of non-invasive diagnostic approaches to detect early stage cancer may provide the physician with evidence of cancer, but the question arises as to how the information will affect the pathway of clinical intervention. The confirmation of a positive result from an in vitro diagnostic cancer test may involve relatively invasive procedures to establish a true cancer diagnosis. If in vitro diagnostic tests are proven to be both specific, i.e. rarely produce false positive results due to unrelated conditions, and sufficiently sensitive, i.e. rarely produce false negative results, then such screening tests offer the potential for early detection and personalized therapeutics using multiple disease-related targets with convenient and non-invasive means. Here we discuss the technical and regulatory barriers inherent in development of clinical multianalyte biomarker assays.

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