scholarly journals Physicochemical Properties of Activated Carbon: Their Effect on the Adsorption of Pharmaceutical Compounds and Adsorbate–Adsorbent Interactions

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Bernal ◽  
Liliana Giraldo ◽  
Juan Moreno-Piraján
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Pharmaceutical Compounds ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Adsorption Model ◽  
Immersion Enthalpy ◽  
Polar Groups ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
Equilibrium Data

The adsorption of salicylic acid, acetaminophen, and methylparaben (pharmaceutical products derived from phenol) on carbons activated with different surface chemistries was carried out. We evaluated the effect of the physicochemical properties of the adsorbent and adsorbates on the adsorption capacity. A study of the adsorbate–adsorbent interactions via immersion calorimetry in the analytes solutions at different concentrations was included, in addition to the equilibrium data analysis. The results show that the pharmaceutical compounds (2.28–0.71 mmol g−1) have lower adsorption capacities in the activated carbon with the highest content of oxygenated groups (acids), while the activated carbons with amphoteric characteristics increase the capacities of adsorption (2.60–1.38 mmol g−1). This behavior may be associated with the increased affinity between the adsorbent and solvent due to the presence of polar groups, which was corroborated by the high immersion enthalpy value in water (ΔHimmH2O = −66.6 J g−1). The equilibrium data, adjusted to the Freundlich adsorption model, indicated that the heterogeneous adsorption processes involve immersion enthalpy values between −9.42 and −24.3 J g−1.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of COD Removal Efficacy from Pharmaceutical Wastewater by Areca Nut Husk Produced and Commercially Available Activated Carbons

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Sharmin Akter ◽  
Ferdousi Sultana ◽  
Md. Rakibul Kabir ◽  
Partha Pratim Brahma ◽  
Atkeeya Tasneem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Areca Nut ◽  
Pharmaceutical Wastewater ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Pharmaceutical industries in Bangladesh are considered as one major industrial as well as environmental pollution problems which discharge a significant amount of organic contaminants in the environment hence require advanced treatment technologies to decontaminate pharmaceutical wastewater. In the present investigation, areca nut husk treated activated carbon (ANHC) was used as an adsorbent to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD) from pharmaceutical effluent as well as a comparative adsorption efficiency with commercial activated carbon (CAC) was performed.  The batch experiments were carried out in a laboratory scale. The materials also evaluated for different adsorbent dosages and contact times. The experiment revealed a removal percentage up to 70% for ANHC and 90% for CAC for 3g of adsorbents in 180 min. The adsorption processes were satisfactorily described by pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model which shows a better fitting with the maximum regression coefficient for both adsorbents. The results show that Langmuir model best described the experimental data with a highest correlation coefficient (R2=0.9856 for ANHC and 0.9993 for CAC) compared to Freundlich model and the experimental data showed asorption capacity of 36.549 and 64.935 mg/g for ANHC and CAC, correspondingly. According to the adsorption studies, the results revealed that COD adsorption process followed by the monolayer chemisorption mechanisms. The results revealed that ANHC adsorbent is potentially low cost and environmental friendly adsorbent for the removal of organic matter from pharmaceutical effluent.

scholarly journals Adsorption of Paracetamol in Hospital Wastewater Through Activated Carbon Filters

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Macías-García ◽  
Justo García-Sanz-Calcedo ◽  
Juan Pablo Carrasco-Amador ◽  
Raúl Segura-Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Adsorption Mechanism ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Hospital Wastewater ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Oxygen Groups ◽  
Two Stages

In recent years, pharmaceutical products have been causing a serious environmental problem in hospital wastewater and water purification plants. The elimination of these pollutants is difficult due to their resistance to biological degradation. Paracetamol has been detected in higher concentrations in hospital wastewater than in other buildings. Activated carbons are a good material for removing paracetamol from hospital wastewater. One of the starting materials to obtain activated carbons is kenaf, which is an easy plant to cultivate. To study the elimination of paracetamol from hospital wastewater by activated carbon, the textural and chemical characterization of activated carbon, as well as the kinetic study and the analysis of the paracetamol adsorption mechanism by the adsorbent, have been carried out. The activated carbon samples studied are micro-mesoporous, with high specific surface values. The chemical composition with presence of oxygen groups favours the adsorption process. The adsorption kinetics were adjusted to a pseudo-second order model. The adsorption mechanism followed the intraparticular diffusion model, carried out in two stages: a fast first stage on the surface of the adsorbent and a slow one inside the pore. Based on the kinetic study, the use of this type of carbon is a good application for the removal of paracetamol from hospital wastewater.

scholarly journals Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Coal for Gold Adsorption in Cyanide Solutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Karen L. Martínez-Mendoza ◽  
Juan Manuel Barraza Burgos ◽  
Nilson Marriaga-Cabrales ◽  
Fiderman Machuca-Martinez ◽  
Mariber Barajas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Adsorption Model ◽  
Waste Solution ◽  
Synthetic Solution ◽  
Cyanide Solutions ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Characterization Of Activated Carbon

In this work, activated carbons were produced using coal as raw matter from seven Colombian carboniferous zones. Physical activation was performed in two stages: a carbonization stage with Nitrogen at a temperature of 850 °C and a residence time of 2 h, followed by an activation stage using steam at temperatures of 700 and 850 °C with residence times of 1,5 h and 2,5 h. From the pore volume characterization for the adsorption of gold, two activated carbons from Cundinamarca, obtained at 850 °C (1,5 h), 850 °C (2,5 h), and a commercial carbon (GRC 22) were selected. Gold adsorption tests were performed with those three activated carbons using synthetic aurocyanide solutions and a gold waste solution. The data of the adsorption isotherms were adjusted using the Freundlich adsorption model for the synthetic solution, as well as Langmuir for the waste solution. The results showed that, using a solution of 1 ppm, the activated carbons C-850-2.5 and C- 850-1.5 produced the higher maximum gold loading capacities in the equilibrium (8,7 and 9,3 mg Au/g, respectively) in comparison to the commercial activated carbon (4,7 mg Au/g).  Gold adsorption test using a waste solution (21 ppm of gold) showed that the activated carbon C-850-1.5 had the highest value of adsorption capacity (4,58 mg Au/g) compared to C-850-2.5 (2,95 mgAu /g).

scholarly journals Specific adsorption sites and conditions derived by thermal decomposition of activated carbons and adsorbed carbamazepine

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Dittmann ◽  
Paul Eisentraut ◽  
Caroline Goedecke ◽  
Yosri Wiesner ◽  
Martin Jekel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Evolved Gas Analysis ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Specific Adsorption ◽  
Adsorption Mechanisms ◽  
Adsorption Sites ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
Inorganic Constituents

AbstractThe adsorption of organic micropollutants onto activated carbon is a favourable solution for the treatment of drinking water and wastewater. However, these adsorption processes are not sufficiently understood to allow for the appropriate prediction of removal processes. In this study, thermogravimetric analysis, alongside evolved gas analysis, is proposed for the characterisation of micropollutants adsorbed on activated carbon. Varying amounts of carbamazepine were adsorbed onto three different activated carbons, which were subsequently dried, and their thermal decomposition mechanisms examined. The discovery of 55 different pyrolysis products allowed differentiations to be made between specific adsorption sites and conditions. However, the same adsorption mechanisms were found for all samples, which were enhanced by inorganic constituents and oxygen containing surface groups. Furthermore, increasing the loadings led to the evolution of more hydrated decomposition products, whilst parts of the carbamazepine molecules were also integrated into the carbon structure. It was also found that the chemical composition, especially the degree of dehydration of the activated carbon, plays an important role in the adsorption of carbamazepine. Hence, it is thought that the adsorption sites may have a higher adsorption energy for specific adsorbates, when the activated carbon can then potentially increase its degree of graphitisation.

Pharmaceutical removal by the activated carbon process

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Piel ◽  
S. Blondeau ◽  
J. Pérot ◽  
E. Baurès ◽  
O. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Pharmaceutical Removal ◽  
Target Molecules ◽  
Maximum Removal

The adsorption of some major pharmaceutical products (sulfamethoxazole, caffeine, iopromide and carbamazepine) in water was evaluated using four types of activated carbon, three powdered activated carbon (PAC) and one fluidized, coagulated and flocculated activated carbon (FAC) extracted from a Carboplus®P pilot. These substances were the most frequently quantified (in 50% of samples at least) in surface waters of the Vilaine's basin (Brittany, France) during three sampling campaigns. Jar test experiments were carried out in order to assess the removal efficiency of the four activated carbons. Carbamazepine and caffeine were well removed with PAC with a maximum removal rate of 80% whereas it was more difficult for sulfamethoxazole and iopromide with a maximum of 39%. For each molecule, removal rates are clearly dependent on PAC nature. The overall results with FAC are clearly distinguishable from PAC tests with gains of performance on all target molecules (from 80 to >95%).

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Ions Adsorption from Wastewater Using Activated Carbon from Orange Peel

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 926-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján ◽  
Liliana Giraldo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Adsorption Isotherms ◽  
Heavy Metal Ions ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Orange Peel ◽  
Adsorption Model ◽  
Immersion Enthalpy ◽  
Adsorption Models

Activated carbon obtained from orange peel (ACOP) was synthesized and used for the removal of heavy metal ions (Cr, Cd, and Co) from aqueous solutions. Two different adsorption models were used for analyzing data. Adsorption capacities were determined: copper ions exhibit the greatest adsorption on activated carbon orange peel because of its size and pH conditions. Adsorption capacity varies as a function of pH. Adsorption isotherms from aqueous solution of heavy metals on ACOP were determined. Adsorption isotherms are consistent with Langmuir's adsorption model. Adsorbent quantity and immersion enthalpy were studied.

scholarly journals Immersion Enthalpy of Activated Carbon–Cyclohexane and Activated Carbon–Hexane. Difference in the Solid–Liquid Interaction Enthalpy Due to the Structure of the Solvent

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Diana Hernández-Monje ◽  
Liliana Giraldo ◽  
Juan Moreno-Piraján
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Micropore Volume ◽  
Immersion Enthalpy ◽  
Molecular Arrangement ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Enthalpy Of Immersion ◽  
Solid Liquid

The enthalpy of immersion for five activated carbons (with different surface chemistry) in cyclohexane and hexane was determined in order to observe the intensity of the solid–liquid interaction. The enthalpy of immersion was related to the properties of activated carbons, such as micropore volume, total basic groups content, and the EoWo product, that characterized each solid-liquid system. The values for the immersion enthalpy were between −21.2 and −91.7 J g−1 for cyclohexane and between −16.4 and −66.1 J g−1 for hexane. It showed greater interaction between the cyclohexane and the activated carbons and it was related to the properties of this adsorbate, such as molecular size and molecular arrangement. The difference in the enthalpy of immersion between the solvents per unit of micropore volume for the set of activated carbons was calculated obtaining a value of −487 J cm−3.

scholarly journals Sulfuric Activated Carbon of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Seeds for the Removal of Cadmium(II) and Methylene Blue Dye

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1361-1369
Author(s):  
Patience Mapule Thabede ◽  
Ntaote David Shooto ◽  
Thokozani Xaba ◽  
Eliazer Bobby Naidoo
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Methylene Blue Dye ◽  
Black Cumin ◽  
First Order ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
Equilibrium Data ◽  
Pseudo First Order

Carbon from black cumin seeds was modified with 10 and 20% sulfuric acid to obtain the activated adsorbents. Pristine carbon from black cumin seeds, 10 and 20% H2SO4 activated carbon from black cumin seeds were labelled CBC, ACBC-10 and ACBC-20, respectively. The adsorbents were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA and BET. The adsorbents maximum trend for Cd(II) was ACBC-10 > ACBC-20 > CBC. The maximum capacity trend for methylene blue dye was ACBC-20 > ACBC-10 > CBC. The kinetic model best fitted pseudo second order for Cd(II) which gave r2 values of 0.991-0.998. The methylene blue fitted pseudo first order model with r2 values ranging from 0.993-0.997. Pseudo first order suggested that the adsorption mechanism for methylene blue onto adsorbents involved van der Waal forces of attraction. The equilibrium data fitted Langmuir isotherm model for CBC, ACBC-10 and ACBC-20 with r2 of 0.994 to 0.998 for the removal of methylene blue whilst the removal of Cd(II) followed Freundlich with r2 ranging from 0.992 to 0.997. This suggested that the different adsorption processes were involved between the adsorbate and the adsorbents. Gibb′s free energy (ΔGº) for Cd(II) and methylene blue onto CBC, ACBC-10 and ACBC-20 suggested that the reaction was spontaneous. The adsorption of Cd(II) and methylene blue was endothermic, positive values (ΔHº). This suggested that the enthalpy (ΔHº) had a weak interactive force process whose low energy is associated with electrostatic attraction.

scholarly journals Removal of Cd (II) ions from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on Activated Carbon Prepared from Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris) Seed Stone

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeshwar Man Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Freundlich Isotherm ◽  
Batch Adsorption ◽  
Metal Ion Removal ◽  
Ion Removal ◽  
Equilibrium Data ◽  
Methylene Blue Number

Batch adsorption experiments were conducted for the adsorption of Cd (II) ions from aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared from Lapsi seed stone. The activated carbon was characterized by Iodine number, Methylene blue number, SEM and FTIR. Adsorption experiments were carried out to describe the effect of pH ,contact time and  adsorbent dose on the metal ion removal process .The results showed that the adsorption of Cd (II) ions was very fast initially and the equilibrium time was 3 hrs.The pH of 6.0 was an optimal pH for adsorption  of Cd(II) ions. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were used to explain the equilibrium data. Langmuir model best described the data with higher value of coeffcient of determination as −1 compared to that of Freundlich isotherm showing a maximum uptake of 37.0 mgg . This study demonstrated that the activated carbons prepared from Lapsi seed stone could be used for the removal of Cd (II) ions in water treatment. Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2015, 11(1): 140-150

scholarly journals Influence of the Surface Modification of Mesoporous Activated Carbon on the Removal of Humic Acid From Aqueous Solution

2017 ◽  
pp. 926-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kołodziej ◽  
Grażyna Gryglewicz
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Hydrogen Treatment ◽  
Adsorption Model ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Mesoporous Activated Carbon ◽  
Positively Charged

Humic acids (HA) constitute the major fraction of natural organic matter in water supplies. HA are very problematic with regard to drinking water treatment and supply since, not being completely removed by conventional treatment processes, they react with chlorine resulting in formation of carcinogenic and regulated disinfection-by products. Adsorption of brown (BHA) and gray (GHA) fractions of humic acid on starting and modified mesoporous activated carbons was investigated. BHA and GHA are fractions of humic acid extracted from young brown coal (Czech Republic) which differ essentially in their characteristics in terms of structure and physicochemical properties. Mesoporous activated carbon was modified by two ways: ammonization (AC/N) and high-temperature hydrogen treatment (AC/H). All activated carbons studied, showed higher adsorption capacity towards BHA comparing to GHA, what is attributed to the smaller molecular weight of BHA molecules, as determined by ultrafiltration method. Comparing to starting AC, nearly 2- and 2.5-fold higher removal degree of both BHA and GHA was observed for AC/N and AC/H, respectively. This observation was found to be a consequence of the increase in aromacity degree of both adsorbents, as shown by increase in the C/H atomic ratio. In the case of AC/H the electrostatic interaction between positively charged surface of AC/H and HA molecules, enhances the extent of adsorption. Adsorption results were discussed in terms of Freundlich adsorption model. The shape of isotherm indicates a strong competition for adsorption centers on AC surface between water and HA molecules, which decreased in the direction AC>AC/N>AC/H. At increased ionic strength of the solution (0.01 M NaCl), no difference in the extent of adsorption between AC/N and AC/H was observed.

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