scholarly journals A Dynamic Framework for Modelling Set-Shifting Performances

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco D’Alessandro ◽  
Luigi Lombardi
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Modelling ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Longitudinal Component ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Dynamic Framework ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
Substance Dependent ◽  
Set Shifting Task

Higher-order cognitive functions can be seen as a class of cognitive processes which are crucial in situations requiring a flexible adjustment of behaviour in response to changing demands of the environment. The cognitive assessment of these functions often relies on tasks which admit a dynamic, or longitudinal, component requiring participants to flexibly adapt their behaviour during the unfolding of the task. An intriguing feature of such experimental protocols is that they allow the performance of an individual to change as the task unfolds. In this work, we propose a Latent Markov Model approach to capture some dynamic aspects of observed response patterns of both healthy and substance dependent individuals in a set-shifting task. In particular, data from a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test were analysed in order to represent performance trends in terms of latent cognitive states dynamics. The results highlighted how a dynamic modelling approach can considerably improve the amount of information a researcher, or a clinician, can obtain from the analysis of a set-shifting task.

scholarly journals Automatic Intra-/Extra-Dimensional Attentional Set-Shifting Task in Adolescent Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariasole Ciampoli ◽  
Diego Scheggia ◽  
Francesco Papaleo
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Attentional Set ◽  
Attentional Set Shifting ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test ◽  
Set Shifting Task

Adolescence is a developmental period crucial for the maturation of higher-order cognitive functions. Indeed, adolescence deficits in executive functions are strong predictors of increased vulnerability to several mental disabilities later in life. Here, we tested adolescent mice in a fully-automated attentional set-shifting task equivalent to the humans’ Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Intra-/Extra-Dimensional set-shift task (ID/ED). Compared to an adult, adolescent mice required more time to complete the task (≈16 days), and a higher percentage failed to finish the entire task. Nevertheless, adolescent mice completing this demanding task showed an increased effort in solving the extradimensional shift stage (EDS) compared to previous stages. Moreover, we found that this paradigm can be used to detect early cognitive dysfunctions in adolescent genetically modified mice. Thus, this automatic paradigm provides a further tool to assess attentional control in adolescent mice, and the development of dysfunctional executive functions from adolescence to adulthood.

Attentional set shifting modulates the target P3b Response in the Wisconsin card sorting test

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1342-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Barceló ◽  
Juan M Muñoz-Céspedes ◽  
Miguel A Pozo ◽  
Francisco J Rubia
Keyword(s):  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Attentional Set ◽  
Attentional Set Shifting ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

A non-human primate test of abstraction and set shifting: An automated adaptation of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

2005 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara L. Moore ◽  
Ronald J. Killiany ◽  
James G. Herndon ◽  
Douglas L. Rosene ◽  
Mark B. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test ◽  
Human Primate

scholarly journals Perseverative responding in Nigerian chronic alcohol and marijuana users

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tochukwu Nweze ◽  
Cyprian C. Eze ◽  
Florian Lange
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chronic Alcohol ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Rule Inference

Chronic consumption of alcohol and marijuana, especially when initiated at an early age, has been implicated in cognitive alterations in the domain of executive functioning. Despite the robustness of this finding in Western populations, its generalizability to other cultural contexts is largely unknown. In this study, we examined whether the regular use of alcohol or marijuana use relates to impaired executive functioning in male students of a Nigerian university. Chronic alcohol users (n = 39), chronic marijuana users (n = 35) and drug-abstinent control participants (n = 40) recruited through snow-ball sampling technique completed a computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (cWCST). As an established measure of executive functioning, the cWCST allows for the simultaneous assessment of three distinct executive processes: set shifting, rule inference, and set maintenance. Results revealed a selective set-shifting deficit in both alcohol and marijuana users. Both groups committed significantly more perseverative errors than the control group, and group differences were significantly stronger on this indicator of set shifting than on indicators of rule inference or set maintenance. Our findings support the generalizability of drug-related deficits in executive functioning and contribute to the characterization of executive dysfunction in non-Western populations. Future longitudinal studies are required to clarify whether executive dysfunction is an antecedent or consequence of alcohol and marijuana use in young Nigerians

Perseveration in schizophrenic patients: a neuropsychological approach for research

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.G. Lanser ◽  
B.A. Ellenbroek ◽  
A.R. Cools ◽  
F.G. Zitman
Keyword(s):  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Frontal Lobe Lesions ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Animal Part ◽  
Sorting Test ◽  
Maintenance Problem

SUMMARYPerseveration is a core symptom of schizophrenia, the cause, however, is unknown. It has been shown that for people with frontal lobe lesions, perseveration can be explained with a set-maintenance problem. Perseveration in Parkinson's disease can be explained with problems shifting from one set to another without cues (set-shifting). These disorders can be distinguished using a two-choice task and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, that is analysed in phases. Analogs of these tests can be used in animal research. By adding an animal part to the human research, more insight can be gained into the role of specific brain areas in set-maintenance and set-shifting.

Influence of the study abroad bilingual experience on cognitive control among young adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 136700692110231
Author(s):  
Zhilong Xie ◽  
Yanping Dong
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
International Education ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Mental Set ◽  
Studying Abroad ◽  
The Usa

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: This study investigated whether the studying abroad bilingual experience among unevenly balanced Chinese–English bilinguals exerted influence on cognitive control. Design/methodology/approach: We compared cognitive control differences between a group of Chinese–English bilinguals (n = 30) studying abroad in the USA and a control bilingual group (n = 30) studying at home in mainland China by administering the Flanker task and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The two groups were matched on demographic variables including age, socioeconomic status (SES), intelligence, etc. Data and analysis: A mixed ANOVA was applied to the Flanker task data, with the task condition as the within-subject variable and the participant group as the between-subject variable. Independent t-test analyses were used to compare performance differences between groups on the WCST. Findings/conclusions: The two groups performed similarly on the Flanker task, whereas the group studying abroad fared better on the WCST, indicating better mental set shifting. Originality: This is the first study to show that the experience of studying abroad brings about cognitive control advantage in mental set shifting. Significance/implications: The current research provides the first evidence that the experience of studying abroad is related to the enhancement of cognitive control, which has implications for both cognitive development and international education.

scholarly journals Coping with Stress, Executive Functions, and Depressive Symptoms: Focusing on Flexible Responses to Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 3122
Author(s):  
Tsukasa Kato
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
Coping Flexibility ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Task Sets

Coping flexibility is conceptually similar to both inhibition and set-shifting. Though they serve different functions, all three are robustly associated with depression. Coping flexibility is the ability to relinquish a coping strategy regarded as ineffective and to devise and implement an alternative one; the concept is based on stress and coping theory. Inhibition is the ability to suppress responses selectively according to a change in the situation, while set-shifting is the process of switching flexibly between task sets, mental sets, or response rules. Inhibition and set-shifting are both executive functions in cognitive mechanisms. We hypothesized that coping flexibility was associated with a lower risk of depression, even when the effects of inhibition and set-shifting were controlled for. In total, 200 Japanese university students (100 women and 100 men) completed questionnaires that measured coping flexibility and depression and performed the Stroop Color and Word Test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, which measured inhibition and set-shifting. We found that greater coping flexibility was associated with a lower risk of depression, even when the effects of inhibition and set-shifting were controlled for. Our findings suggest that, although coping flexibility is conceptually similar to inhibition and set-shifting, its association with depression differs from theirs.

scholarly journals The set-shifting profiles of anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum disorder using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1809-1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Westwood ◽  
D. Stahl ◽  
W. Mandy ◽  
K. Tchanturia
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

Difficulties in set-shifting are commonly reported in both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and anorexia nervosa (AN) populations. Despite this, it is not known whether this cognitive profile persists across different ages, or whether the profiles seen in ASD and AN are comparable. This systematic review and meta-analyses aimed to compare the set-shifting profiles, as measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) in adults and younger people with either ASD or AN, relative to healthy controls (HCs) and to statistically compare performance on the WCST between ASD and AN. In all, 24 studies on ASD and 22 studies on AN were identified. In ASD, there were significant differences between the clinical group and HCs, with the ASD group making significantly more perseverative errors, indicating greater difficulty in set-shifting [pooled effect size ofd= 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53–0.81,p⩽ 0.001]. This effect was consistent across the age span. For AN studies, there was a significant difference between adults with AN and HCs (d= 0.52, 95% CI 0.36–0.68,p⩽ 0.001) but a non-significant effect in child studies (d= 0.25, 95% CI −0.05 to 0.55,z= 1.66,p= 0.096). Meta-regression indicated no effect of diagnosis (AN or ASD) on performance in adult studies but there was a non-significant trend (p= 0.053) towards children with ASD performing worse than children with AN. While difficulties with set-shifting appear to be stable in ASD, there may be differences between children and adults with AN, which warrant further investigation.

scholarly journals Assessment of Cognitive Flexibility in Personnel Selection: Validity and Acceptance of a Gamified Version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Erik Hommel ◽  
Regina Ruppel ◽  
Hannes Zacher
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Personnel Selection ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test ◽  
Set Shifting Task

The present study contributes to the emerging field of gamification in personnel selection by examining validity and acceptance of the Gamified Set-Shifting Task (GSST), which is based on a well-established neuropsychological test of cognitive flexibility, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Results based on a sample of 180 participants in an online study provided preliminary support for construct and criterion-related validity. The GSST was better accepted among test-takers than both the WCST and a cognitive ability test. Overall, the findings suggest that the GSST may be an attractive and valid method to assist organizations in selecting employees who are able to adapt to changing environments.

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