scholarly journals Integrated Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Waterborne Pathogens in Low-Resource Settings

Biosensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Rainbow ◽  
Eliska Sedlackova ◽  
Shu Jiang ◽  
Grace Maxted ◽  
Despina Moschou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Waterborne Disease ◽  
Low Resource Settings ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Quality Testing

More than 783 million people worldwide are currently without access to clean and safe water. Approximately 1 in 5 cases of mortality due to waterborne diseases involve children, and over 1.5 million cases of waterborne disease occur every year. In the developing world, this makes waterborne diseases the second highest cause of mortality. Such cases of waterborne disease are thought to be caused by poor sanitation, water infrastructure, public knowledge, and lack of suitable water monitoring systems. Conventional laboratory-based techniques are inadequate for effective on-site water quality monitoring purposes. This is due to their need for excessive equipment, operational complexity, lack of affordability, and long sample collection to data analysis times. In this review, we discuss the conventional techniques used in modern-day water quality testing. We discuss the future challenges of water quality testing in the developing world and how conventional techniques fall short of these challenges. Finally, we discuss the development of electrochemical biosensors and current research on the integration of these devices with microfluidic components to develop truly integrated, portable, simple to use and cost-effective devices for use by local environmental agencies, NGOs, and local communities in low-resource settings.

Objectives of a Water Quality Monitoring Programme for the International River Basins in a Developing Country in Southern Africa – Mozambique

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (5-7) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
S J Hugman
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Management And Development ◽  
International Obligations

Mozambique lies on the south-east coast of Africa. Its Independence, in 1975, was particularly difficult and severely disrupted the economy. All its major rivers rise in neighbouring countries and several, in particular those from South Africa and Swaziland, are already heavily used before crossing the border. Since 1977 the National Water Directorate has been responsible for management and development of water resources. The Directorate includes a hydrology department which maintains field-teams throughout the country. Virtually no water quality data are available from before 1972, when irregular sample collection began. Since Independence, sampling has continued but the Directorate has redefined the objectives of the programme to obtain maximum benefit from very limited resources. These objectives were chosen for economic, hydrological and political reasons. The long-term objectives are to provide the data required for agricultural and industrial development projects, to manage and maintain the quality of Mozambique's water resources, and to meet international obligations. In practice, the capacity of the hydrological service is insufficient to meet these objectives. The targets for the existing programme were therefore chosen to satisfy the most important objectives and to be feasible with present resources. The routine programme is being completely operated by technicians who have no more than nine years schooling.

Impacts of hydraulic fracturing on water quality: a review of literature, regulatory frameworks and an analysis of information gaps

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Gagnon ◽  
W. Krkosek ◽  
L. Anderson ◽  
E. McBean ◽  
M. Mohseni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Post Operation ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Current Governance

A review of available literature and current governance approaches related to the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on water quality (including drinking water) was developed. The paper identifies gaps in literature and (or) current governance approaches that should be addressed to guide decision-makers in the development of appropriate regulatory regimes that will enable assessment of the impacts of hydraulic fracturing on water quality. The lack of credible and comprehensive data are shown to have been a major setback to properly investigate and monitor hydraulic fracturing activities and their potential risks on the environment and water quality. A review of current governance approaches demonstrates that some jurisdictions have implemented baseline and post-operation water quality monitoring requirements; however, there are large variations in site-specific monitoring requirements across Canada and the United States. In light of recent information, a targeted approach is suggested based on risk priorities, which can prioritize sample collection and frequency, target contaminants, and the needed duration of the sampling. The steps outlined in this review help to interface with the public concerns associated with water quality, and appropriately ensure that public health is protected through appropriate water safety planning.

scholarly journals The Potential Use of Volatile Biomarkers for Malaria Diagnosis

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2244
Author(s):  
Hwa Chia Chai ◽  
Kek Heng Chua
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Malaria Diagnosis ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Low Resource Settings ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Volatile Biomarkers ◽  
Biting Behavior

Pathogens may change the odor and odor-related biting behavior of the vector and host to enhance pathogen transmission. In recent years, volatile biomarker investigations have emerged to identify odors that are differentially and specifically released by pathogens and plants, or the pathogen-infected or even cancer patients. Several studies have reported odors or volatile biomarkers specifically detected from the breath and skin of malaria-infected individuals. This review will discuss the potential use of these odors or volatile biomarkers for the diagnosis of malaria. This approach not only allows for the non-invasive mean of sample collection but also opens up the opportunity to develop a biosensor for malaria diagnosis in low-resource settings.

scholarly journals From existing in situ, high-resolution measurement technologies to lab-on-a-chip – the future of water quality monitoring?

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 6457-6506 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Wade ◽  
E. J. Palmer-Felgate ◽  
S. J. Halliday ◽  
R. A. Skeffington ◽  
M. Loewenthal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Lab On A Chip ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Daily Monitoring ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. This paper introduces new insights into the hydrochemical functioning of lowland river-systems using field-based spectrophotometric and electrode technologies. The streamwater concentrations of nitrogen species and phosphorus fractions were measured at hourly intervals on a continuous basis at two contrasting sites on tributaries of the River Thames, one draining a rural catchment, the River Enborne, and one draining a more urban system, The Cut. The measurements complement those from an existing network of multi-parameter water quality sondes maintained across the Thames catchment and weekly monitoring based on grab samples. The results of the sub-daily monitoring show that streamwater phosphorus concentrations display highly complex, seemingly chaotic, dynamics under storm conditions dependent on the antecedent catchment wetness, and that diurnal phosphorus and nitrogen cycles occur under low flow conditions. The diurnal patterns highlight the dominance of sewage inputs in controlling the streamwater phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations at low flows, even at a distance of 7 km from the nearest sewage works in the rural, River Enborne, and that the time of sample collection is important when judging water quality against ecological thresholds or standards. An exhaustion of the supply of phosphorus from diffuse and septic tank sources during storm events was evident and load estimation was not improved by sub-daily monitoring beyond that achieved by daily sampling because of the eventual reduction in the phosphorus mass entering the stream during events. The dominance of respiration over photosynthesis in The Cut indicated a prevalence of heterotrophic algae, and the seasonal patterns in respiration and photosynthesis corresponded with those of temperature and light in this nutrient over-enriched stream. These results highlight the utility of sub-daily water quality measurements but the deployment of modified wet-chemistry technologies into the field was limited by mains electricity availability. A new approach is therefore needed to allow measurement of a wide range of analytes at a broader range of locations for the development of water quality web-sensor networks. The development and field deployment of a miniaturised "lab-on-a-chip" ion chromatograph is proposed and justified.

Development of an Autonomous Remote Access Water Quality Monitoring System

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 467
Author(s):  
MD. Reza Ranjbar ◽  
Aisha H. Abdalla
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Water Quality Parameter ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Red Led ◽  
Quality Testing

<p>Due to the vast increase in global industrial output, rural to urban drift and the over-utilization of land and sea resources, the quality of water available to people has deteriorated greatly. Before the sensor based approach to water quality monitoring, water quality was tested by collecting the samples of water and experimentally analyzing it in the laboratories. However, in today, with time being a scarce resource, the traditional method of water quality testing is not efficient anymore. To tackle this issue, several electronic (microcontroller and sensor based) water quality monitoring systems were developed in the past decade. However, an in depth study of this current water quality testing technology shows that there are some limitations that should be taken into consideration. Therefore, an automatic, remote, and low cost water quality monitoring system has been developed. This system consists of a core microcontroller, multiple sensors, GSM module, LCD display screen, and an alarm subsystem. The quality of water is read from the physical world through the water quality testing sensors and sent to the microcontroller. The data is then analyzed by the microcontroller and the result is displayed on the LCD screen on the device. At the same time, another copy of the sensor readings is sent remotely to the user’s mobile phone in the form of SMS. If an abnormal water quality parameter is detected by any sensor, the alarm system will turn on the respective red LED for that parameter and the buzzer will give warning sound. At the same time, the abnormality of the water parameter is reported to the user through SMS. The system is aimed to be used for wide applications and by all categories of users. It can facilitate the process of water quality monitoring autonomously and with low cost; to help people improve their quality of drinking water, household water supplies and aquaculture farms, especially in rural areas where residents do not have access to standardized water supply and suffer from different diseases caused by contaminated water.</p>

Achieving safe drinking water — risk management based on experience and reality

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (NA) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Rizak ◽  
Steve E. Hrudey
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Waterborne Disease ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Developed World

Over recent years there have been a number of high profile water quality incidents in the developed world that have drawn attention to the safety of our drinking water supplies and how we are managing our systems. An analysis of these and other waterborne disease outbreaks reveals some important themes about the underlying causes of outbreak failures and some broader issues about the role of drinking water quality monitoring for the protection of public health. Experience has shown that waterborne disease outbreaks in affluent countries almost universally demonstrate that the outbreaks were eminently preventable and, in most circumstances, the solutions for assuring safety from the risks of drinking water are not complex and rely not so much on implementing stringent water quality standards, as on improved system management and operation. Given these themes, assuring drinking water safety requires a commitment to a comprehensive approach to risk management, one that focuses on prevention and better measures of control extending from catchment and source protection through to the consumer. There is a growing international consensus moving towards this strategy for assuring safe drinking water, which provides the prospects of making water even more safe than it currently is most places in the developed world.

scholarly journals Assessment of Drinking Water of Bhaktapur Municipality Area in Pre-Monsoon Season

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 94-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine Diwakar ◽  
Kayo Devi Yami ◽  
Tista Prasai
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Arsenic Content ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Permissible Level ◽  
Tube Well

The physico-chemical and microbiological analyses of the 116 water samples from four different sources namely, public tap, well, tube well and stone spout of Bhaktapur Municipality area were done following standard techniques for water sample collection and analyses set by the American Public Health Association (1998). The pH values of all water samples were found to lie within Nepal standard. Similarly 57(49.14%), 9 (7.76%), 56 (48.28%) and 1(0.87%) of water samples were found to exceed Nepal standard value for conductivity, turbidity, iron and chloride content respectively. Hardness content of all water samples were within the standard whereas 6 (5.17%) samples crossed ammonia permissible level. The nitrate and arsenic content of all samples were found within permissible level. The bacteriological analysis of water samples revealed the presence of total coliform in 96 (82.76%) of samples. So, the study has pointed out that the drinking water quality of city water supply has not been improved and traditional sources like stone spouts and tube well water are also not free from contamination. Such circumstances are responsible for spreading water borne outbreaks. The waterborne diseases are closely related with the conditions of living and environmental sanitation in the community. So, it can be effectively controlled by appropriate water management and safe disposal of excreta. Key words: Arsenic; Coliform bacteria; Diseases; Iron and water quality.   DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2642 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 94-98

Diagnosis of neonatal sepsis in low resource settings: C-reactive protein or procalcitonin?

2016 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 079-083
Author(s):  
Lawrence Mbuagbaw ◽  
Francisca Monebenimp ◽  
Bolaji Obadeyi ◽  
Grace Bissohong ◽  
Marie-Thérèse Obama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Low Resource Settings ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Reactive Protein
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