scholarly journals Quantifying the Predictability and Efficiency of the Cointegrated Ethanol and Agricultural Commodities Price Series

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5303
Author(s):  
Sergio Adriani David ◽  
Claudio M. C. Inácio ◽  
José António Tenreiro Machado
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Price Transmission ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Price Series

Ethanol is an energy commodity and a biofuel that has contributed to mitigate the use of fossil fuels. Nonetheless, the environmental benefits derived from the use of ethanol can occur at the expense of the agricultural commodities prices, affecting their volatilities and efficiency. This problem occurs because most of the raw materials currently used to produce biofuels, such as corn in the US, sugarcane in Brazil and oilseeds in Europe, are also important global commodities. This work adopts several mathematical tools, namely the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, fractal dimension, and the Hurst and Lyapunov exponents. This set of tools measures the market efficiency and the prices’ predictability for the ethanol and some agriculture commodities that revealed price transmission (cointegration), in a previous work. The results show that, in general, the ethanol has a lower predictability horizon than the other commodities. Moreover, it is discussed a quantitative measure to assess the market performance, by means of the efficiency index. We observe that the ethanol efficiency is similar to the other agricultural commodities evaluated.

Tropical forests: much more than stocks of wood

1988 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Myers
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Modern Agriculture

ABSTRACTTropical forests offer many more products than the category for which they are best known, viz. wood products. They can supply a host of raw materials, such as resins, oils, fibres and fruits, which collectively represent a commercial value far higher than is generally recognized. In addition they provide an exceptional abundance and variety of genetic resources, which make substantial contributions to modern agriculture, medicine, industry and energy. On top of these materials, tropical forests supply significant environmental benefits, such as protection of the soil and safeguards for watershed systems. While it is sometimes difficult to quantify the economic values of these diverse goods and services, they are often to be reckoned as equal to, if not higher than, the marketplace values represented by the commercial hardwood timber. Yet when the forests are exploited for their hardwood timber, the process is usually so disruptive to forest ecosystems that the other outputs are severely reduced. By contrast, one may exploit the forests for their other outputs with virtually no disruption to forest ecosystems. The paper describes the main categories of non-wood products available from tropical forests, analyses their relative worth, and offers summarized proposals for an expanded approach to forest development in order to take integrative account of the full range of forest benefits.

scholarly journals Emergy Analysis of Biogas Systems Based on Different Raw Materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Cong Lin ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Na Duan ◽  
Xue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Ecological Economic ◽  
Energy Product ◽  
Degraded Material ◽  
The One ◽  
Biogas Output

Environmental pollution and energy crisis restrict the development of China, and the utilization of renewable technology is an effective strategy to alleviate the damage. Biogas engineering has rapidly developed attributes to solve environmental problems and create a renewable energy product biogas. In this paper, two different biogas plants’ materials were analyzed by emergy method. One of them is a biogas project whose degraded material is feces (BPF system), and the other is the one whose degraded material is corn straw (BPC system). As a result, the ecological-economic values of BPF and BPC are $28,300/yr and $8,100/yr, respectively. Considering currency, environment, and human inputs, both of the biogas projects have the ability of disposing waste and potential for development. The proportion of biogas output is much more than fertilizer output; so, fertilizer utilization should be emphasized in the future. In comparison, BPF is better than BPC in the aspects of ecological-economic benefits, environmental benefits, and sustainability. The reason is the difficulty of corn straw seasonal collection and degradation. Thus it is proposed that BPC should be combined with the other raw materials.

Synergy in food, energy and advanced materials production from biomass

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Galembeck
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Agricultural Technology ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
New Materials

AbstractBiomass is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, as a source of energy and raw materials for industry. However, this is often criticized, based on an alleged competition with food production due to the presumed scarcity of agricultural land. Data from Brazil and Ethiopia show that the creation and dissemination of new agricultural technology actually allows a significant increase in the production of food as well as energy and raw materials from biomass, bringing economic, social and environmental benefits. Moreover, polymers from biomass display unique features that make them suitable as the basis for making advanced materials, with desirable combinations of chemical and physical properties required for some applications. For instance, natural rubber and cellulose have been used to create new complex nanostructured solids capable of performing new functions. Biomass can thus be exploited as a source of new materials as well as petrochemical-like building blocks.

Le biodiesel. I. Caractéristiques, atouts et limites — une synthèse

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Nikiema ◽  
M. Heitz
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Emissions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Physico Chemical

Biodiesel, a fuel derived from animal or vegetable oil and fats, is presented in this paper. More specifically, its physico-chemical properties as well as the raw materials and existing standards are described. The advantages, limitations, and future of biodiesel are discussed. Biodiesel offers significant environmental advantages over petrodiesel: its combustion produces fewer atmospheric emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases; in addition, it biodegrades easily and does not present a major risk during storage. On the other hand, the substitution of biodiesel for petrodiesel usually causes an increase in fuel consumption by engines. In addition, according to various estimates, the price of biodiesel is higher than that of petrodiesel. Nevertheless, biodiesel is easy to produce and, with the anticipated decline in stocks of fossil fuels, it constitutes an interesting substitute that should become increasingly used in the next decade.

scholarly journals Price transmission in biofuel-related global agricultural networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 399-408
Author(s):  
Karel Janda ◽  
Ladislav Krištoufek ◽  
Barbora Schererová ◽  
David Zilberman
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Minimum Spanning Tree ◽  
Price Transmission ◽  
Set Covering ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of

This article investigates the connections among the prices of biofuels, agricultural commodities and other relevant assets in Europe, the US, and Brazil. The analysis includes a comprehensive data set covering price data for 38 traded titles during the period from 2003 to 2020. We used the minimum spanning tree (MST) approach to identify price connections in a complex trading system. Our analysis of mutual price connections reveals the major defining features of world-leading biofuel markets. We provide the characteristics of the main bioethanol and biodiesel markets with respect to government policies and technical and local features of the production and consumption of particular biofuels. Despite a relatively long and dynamically evolving history of biofuels, the biofuel systems in the US, Brazil and Europe do not converge toward the same pattern of relations among fossil fuels, biofuels, agricultural commodities and financial assets.

Procedures for the Quantitative Determination of Autoprothrombin C

1962 ◽  
Vol 08 (03) ◽  
pp. 434-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmond R Cole ◽  
Ewa Marciniak ◽  
Walter H Seegers
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Plasma Sample ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clotting Time ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Autoprothrombin C

SummaryTwo quantitative procedures for autoprothrombin C are described. In one of these purified prothrombin is used as a substrate, and the activity of autoprothrombin C can be measured even if thrombin is in the preparation. In this procedure a reaction mixture is used wherein the thrombin titer which develops in 20 minutes is proportional to the autoprothrombin C in the reaction mixture. A unit is defined as the amount which will generate 70 units of thrombin in the standardized reaction mixture. In the other method thrombin interferes with the result, because a standard bovine plasma sample is recalcified and the clotting time is noted. Autoprothrombin C shortens the clotting time, and the extent of this is a quantitative measure of autoprothrombin C activity.

Does Commodity Derivatives Function Effectively? A lengthy Discussion

2021 ◽  
pp. 227797522098574
Author(s):  
Bhabani Sankar Rout ◽  
Nupur Moni Das ◽  
K. Chandrasekhara Rao
Keyword(s):  
Price Discovery ◽  
Spot Market ◽  
Futures Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
Volatility Spillover ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Commodity Derivatives ◽  
Derivative Market ◽  
Negative Shock ◽  
Lengthy Discussion

The present work has been designed to intensely investigate the capability of the commodity futures market in achieving the aim of price discovery. Further, the downside of the cash and futures market and transfer of the risk to other markets has also been studied using VaR, and Bivariate EGARCH. The findings of the work point that the metal commodity derivative market helps in the efficient discovery of price in the spot market except for nickel. But, in the case of the agricultural commodities, the spot is found to be leading and thus there is no price discovery except turmeric. On the other hand, the volatility spillover is bidirectional for both agri and metal commodities except copper, where volatility spills only from futures to spot. Further, the effect of negative shock informational bias differs from commodity to commodity, irrespective of metal or agriculture.

scholarly journals The Critical Raw Materials Issue between Scarcity, Supply Risk, and Unique Properties

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1826
Author(s):  
Mihaela Girtan ◽  
Antje Wittenberg ◽  
Maria Luisa Grilli ◽  
Daniel P. S. de Oliveira ◽  
Chiara Giosuè ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Innovation Networks ◽  
Supply Risk ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

This editorial reports on a thorough analysis of the abundance and scarcity distribution of chemical elements and the minerals they form in the Earth, Sun, and Universe in connection with their number of neutrons and binding energy per nucleon. On one hand, understanding the elements’ formation and their specific properties related to their electronic and nucleonic structure may lead to understanding whether future solutions to replace certain elements or materials for specific technical applications are realistic. On the other hand, finding solutions to the critical availability of some of these elements is an urgent need. Even the analysis of the availability of scarce minerals from European Union sources leads to the suggestion that a wide-ranging approach is essential. These two fundamental assumptions represent also the logical approach that led the European Commission to ask for a multi-disciplinary effort from the scientific community to tackle the challenge of Critical Raw Materials. This editorial is also the story of one of the first fulcrum around which a wide network of material scientists gathered thanks to the support of the funding organization for research and innovation networks, COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).

scholarly journals Biogas from Anaerobic Digestion as an Energy Vector: Current Upgrading Development

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2742
Author(s):  
Raquel Iglesias ◽  
Raúl Muñoz ◽  
María Polanco ◽  
Israel Díaz ◽  
Ana Susmozas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Vector Current ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Materials Used

The present work reviews the role of biogas as advanced biofuel in the renewable energy system, summarizing the main raw materials used for biogas production and the most common technologies for biogas upgrading and delving into emerging biological methanation processes. In addition, it provides a description of current European legislative framework and the potential biomethane business models as well as the main biogas production issues to be addressed to fully deploy these upgrading technologies. Biomethane could be competitive due to negative or zero waste feedstock prices, and competitive to fossil fuels in the transport sector and power generation if upgrading technologies become cheaper and environmentally sustainable.

scholarly journals Effect of Fly Ash on Compressive Strength, Drying Shrinkage, and Carbonation Depth of Mortar with Ferronickel-Slag Powder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1037
Author(s):  
Se-Jin Choi ◽  
Ji-Hwan Kim ◽  
Sung-Ho Bae ◽  
Tae-Gue Oh
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Bituminous Coal ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Drying Shrinkage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Slag Powder ◽  
Ferronickel Slag

In recent years, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have continued worldwide. In the construction industry, a large amount of CO2 is generated during the production of Portland cement, and various studies are being conducted to reduce the amount of cement and enable the use of cement substitutes. Ferronickel slag is a by-product generated by melting materials such as nickel ore and bituminous coal, which are used as raw materials to produce ferronickel at high temperatures. In this study, we investigated the fluidity, microhydration heat, compressive strength, drying shrinkage, and carbonation characteristics of a ternary cement mortar including ferronickel-slag powder and fly ash. According to the test results, the microhydration heat of the FA20FN00 sample was slightly higher than that of the FA00FN20 sample. The 28-day compressive strength of the FA20FN00 mix was approximately 39.6 MPa, which was higher than that of the other samples, whereas the compressive strength of the FA05FN15 mix including 15% of ferronickel-slag powder was approximately 11.6% lower than that of the FA20FN00 mix. The drying shrinkage of the FA20FN00 sample without ferronickel-slag powder was the highest after 56 days, whereas the FA00FN20 sample without fly ash showed the lowest shrinkage compared to the other mixes.

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