scholarly journals Emissions from Combustion of Second-Generation Biodiesel Produced from Seeds of Date Palm Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 3720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Kamil ◽  
Khalid Ramadan ◽  
Chaouki Ghenai ◽  
Abdul Ghani Olabi ◽  
Ibrahim T. Nazzal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Human Environment

Transportation is a vital necessity without which the entire world would come to a standstill. The fossil fuels used to power transportation are consumed at rates of approximately 100,000 times their rate of natural formation, and their consumption subjects the human environment and ecosystem to significant damage. As substitutes for fossil-based diesel, second-generation biodiesels can eliminate many of the challenges concerning first-generation biodiesels in terms of their high cost and the food versus fuel debate. The seeds of the date palm tree have significant oil content and are a promising prospective energy source. This study investigated the potential environmental benefits of this biofuel in terms of diesel tailpipe emission reduction. The various blends of palm date biodiesel were produced and matched to fuel standard requirements, resulting in four standard-compatible blends that were tested in a diesel engine at varying operating conditions for speed and load. Although the biodiesel emissions had lower concentrations of CO2, CO, and HC relative to fossil diesel, higher concentrations of NOx were detected. The results suggest that date-seed biodiesel could become a sustainable energy source for the transport sector, although further technical and economic investigations will be required before its wide deployment.

scholarly journals Research on the effectiveness of alternative propulsion sources in high-tonnage cargo transport

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-273
Author(s):  
Mariusz Wasiak ◽  
Piotr Zdanowicz ◽  
Marcin Nivette
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Emission Standard ◽  
The Eu

The progressive degradation of the environment makes implementing pro-ecological solutions in various areas of our lives more meaningful. These measures also apply to transport, responsible for around 30% of total carbon dioxide emissions in the EU. Implementing ecological solutions in road transport encounters various barriers resulting mainly from the specificity of transport tasks. One of the most promising solutions in the high-tonnage road transport sector seems to be LNG-fueled engines, which allow for similar operating conditions to traditional combustion vehicles. The article aims to identify the environmental benefits of the use of high-tonnage LNG-fueled vehicles in freight transport and to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the economic efficiency of this solution. The article assesses the effectiveness of using an LNG-fueled vehicle and a diesel-fueled vehicle that meets the highest exhaust emission standard in high-tonnage transport, both in terms of economy and an impact of these solutions on the environment. The research was carried out on a given route, taking into account variants of vehicle manning and simulations of transport cycle time. In conclusion, a discussion of the obtained results was carried out, emphasizing the factors determining the profitability of using high-tonnage vehicles with LNG drive or its lack. Regardless of the indicated lack of clarity in the economic assessment of the effectiveness of LNG drives in high-tonnage vehicles, the identified environmental benefits from implementing these solutions seem to be quite unequivocal. Thus, it should be expected that in the event of loss of economic competitiveness of these solutions, appropriate fiscal instruments should be used - especially since LNG drives in the policies of individual countries are considered pro-ecological solutions.

scholarly journals Towards greener aviation : a comparative study on the substitution of standard jet fuel with algal based second generation biofuels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Abdul Majid Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Realistic Potential ◽  
Second Generation Biofuels

The negative environmental impact of the aviation industry, related mainly to the gaseous emissions from turbine exhausts, is increasing with the increased demand on travel. In addition to the adverse environmental effects, the currently used aviation fuel is posing economic burdens on the air transport sector, with the increase in crude oil prices. Therefore, the aviation industry is investigating the potential of substituting the currently used aviation fuel with alternative fuels- mainly with those derived from second generation biofuels. Of all available sources of second generation biofuels, numerous studies indicate that those derived from algae seem to be the most promising, in terms of providing a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. This study explores the feasibility of microalgal jet fuel, taking into consideration technological, environmental and economic aspects. The results indicate that the viability and sustainability of microalgal jet fuel greatly depend on the technologies and inputs used during the different production stages of microalgal fuels. Provided certain conditions and characteristics are present, microalgal jet fuel has a realistic potential to provide the economic and environmental benefits needed to substitute conventional fuels.

scholarly journals Overview of Biodiesel Combustion in Mitigating the Adverse Impacts of Engine Emissions on the Sustainable Human–Environment Scenario

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5465
Author(s):  
Oyetola Ogunkunle ◽  
Noor A. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Gaseous Pollutants ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Human Environment

Air pollution is a precursor to many health issues such as difficulty breathing, asthma, lung and heart diseases, and cancer. This study presents a concise view of biodiesel combustion in mitigating pollutant emissions which are generated by the combustion of fossil fuels, thereby eliminating the negative effects on human health and the environment. Gaseous pollutants such as carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide are found to be major exhaust emissions from vehicles running on fossil fuels. Excessive exposure to these pollutants was found to be a precursor to reductions in life expectancy via health complications in humans. Greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector were found to be 24% of total annual emissions, 74.5% of which came from the combustion of fossil fuel in road vehicles. Biodiesel combustion in vehicular engines is established to be a control technology in reducing gaseous pollutants toward building a sustainable and healthy human–environment scenario. The emissions reduction index from the United States National Biodiesel Board showed that the combustion of biodiesel wholly as a transportation fuel decreased total hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon, and sulfur emissions by 67%, 80%, 48%, and 100%, respectively. Evaluation of emission results from topical literature strongly suggests that the use of biodiesel is effective in the reduction in pollutants, which is beneficial to human and environmental sustainability.

scholarly journals Exergy Analysis of Porous Medium Combustion Engine Cycle

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ravi Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Porous Medium ◽  
Porous Media ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Ic Engine ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Contact Type ◽  
Periodic Contact

The need of the fossil fuels is ever increasing in the areas of manufacturing, transportation, heating, and electricity. Nearly 90% of the energy requirement in transport sector is met by combustion of fossil fuels only. Porous media (PM) combustion is an effective method, which can increase the combustion efficiency as well as minimize environmental pollution. The present paper is aimed at thermodynamic analysis of ideal IC engine cycles with porous media combustion. Two practically possible cycles, namely, periodic and permanent contact of gas with porous medium are considered, and the ideal cycle analyses are made. It is found that PM engine with periodic contact is more efficient than permanent contact type. The exergy analysis also reveals that the energy loss due to irreversibilities in the periodic contact type is less than that of the permanent contact type. With the help of model calculations and graphs, the performance of these two cycles is compared and optimal operating conditions are also evaluated and presented along with the suggestions for enhancing the performance of homogeneous PM combustion in IC engines.

scholarly journals Second Generation Bioethanol Production: On the Use of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastes as Feedstock

Fermentation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Branco ◽  
Luísa Serafim ◽  
Ana Xavier
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol ◽  
High Level

Due to the health and environment impacts of fossil fuels utilization, biofuels have been investigated as a potential alternative renewable source of energy. Bioethanol is currently the most produced biofuel, mainly of first generation, resulting in food-fuel competition. Second generation bioethanol is produced from lignocellulosic biomass, but a costly and difficult pretreatment is required. The pulp and paper industry has the biggest income of biomass for non-food-chain production, and, simultaneously generates a high amount of residues. According to the circular economy model, these residues, rich in monosaccharides, or even in polysaccharides besides lignin, can be utilized as a proper feedstock for second generation bioethanol production. Biorefineries can be integrated in the existing pulp and paper industrial plants by exploiting the high level of technology and also the infrastructures and logistics that are required to fractionate and handle woody biomass. This would contribute to the diversification of products and the increase of profitability of pulp and paper industry with additional environmental benefits. This work reviews the literature supporting the feasibility of producing ethanol from Kraft pulp, spent sulfite liquor, and pulp and paper sludge, presenting and discussing the practical attempt of biorefineries implementation in pulp and paper mills for bioethanol production.

scholarly journals Towards greener aviation : a comparative study on the substitution of standard jet fuel with algal based second generation biofuels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Abdul Majid Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Realistic Potential ◽  
Second Generation Biofuels

The negative environmental impact of the aviation industry, related mainly to the gaseous emissions from turbine exhausts, is increasing with the increased demand on travel. In addition to the adverse environmental effects, the currently used aviation fuel is posing economic burdens on the air transport sector, with the increase in crude oil prices. Therefore, the aviation industry is investigating the potential of substituting the currently used aviation fuel with alternative fuels- mainly with those derived from second generation biofuels. Of all available sources of second generation biofuels, numerous studies indicate that those derived from algae seem to be the most promising, in terms of providing a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. This study explores the feasibility of microalgal jet fuel, taking into consideration technological, environmental and economic aspects. The results indicate that the viability and sustainability of microalgal jet fuel greatly depend on the technologies and inputs used during the different production stages of microalgal fuels. Provided certain conditions and characteristics are present, microalgal jet fuel has a realistic potential to provide the economic and environmental benefits needed to substitute conventional fuels.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Mechanical, Physical, and Morphological Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Different Date Palm Fillers

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basheer A. Alshammari ◽  
Naheed Saba ◽  
Majed D. Alotaibi ◽  
Mohammed F. Alotibi ◽  
Mohammad Jawaid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Matrix Cracks

The present study deals with the fabrication of epoxy composites reinforced with 50 wt% of date palm leaf sheath (G), palm tree trunk (L), fruit bunch stalk (AA), and leaf stalk (A) as filler by the hand lay-up technique. The developed composites were characterized and compared in terms of mechanical, physical and morphological properties. Mechanical tests revealed that the addition of AA improves tensile (20.60–40.12 MPa), impact strength (45.71–99.45 J/m), flexural strength (32.11–110.16 MPa) and density (1.13–1.90 g/cm3). The water absorption and thickness swelling values observed in this study were higher for AA/epoxy composite, revealing its higher cellulosic content, compared to the other composite materials. The examination of fiber pull-out, matrix cracks, and fiber dislocations in the microstructure and fractured surface morphology of the developed materials confirmed the trends for mechanical properties. Overall, from results analysis it can be concluded that reinforcing epoxy matrix with AA filler effectively improves the properties of the developed composite materials. Thus, date palm fruit bunch stalk filler might be considered as a sustainable and green promising reinforcing material similarly to other natural fibers and can be used for diverse commercial, structural, and nonstructural applications requiring high mechanical resistance.

Emergence of New Potential Insect Pests of Date Palm: Could Climate Change Be the Reason?

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 242-245
Author(s):  
Hamadttu A. F. El-Shafie
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
South American ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
The Family ◽  
American Palm ◽  
Sorghum Chafer

Four insect species were reported as new potential pests of date palm in recent years. They are sorghum chafer (Pachnoda interrupta), the rose chafer (Potosia opaca), the sericine chafer beetle (Maladera insanablis), and the South American palm borer (Pysandisia archon). The first three species belong to the order Coleoptera and the family Scarabaeidae, while the fourth species is a lepidopteran of the family Castniidae. The injury as well as the economic damage caused by the four species on date palm need to be quantified. Due to climate change and anthropogenic activities, the date palm pest complex is expected to change in the future. To the author's knowledge, this article provides the first report of sorghum chafer as a pest damaging date palm fruit.

The effects of date pollinizer variety and pollination time on fruit set and yield of Medjhol date palm

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdoul Amir Rahnama ◽  
Esmaeil Rahkhodaei
Keyword(s):  
Date Palm ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Female Flowers

Date palm is unisexual, being either male or female. Male and female flowers grow on buds called Spathe, which opens naturally when fully mature. It is easy to identify the male and female flowers. Under the method of manual pollination, pollen from a male flower is smeared over female flowers. The pollen variety and pollination time have important effects on date palm fruit set, yield and quality. This experiment was carried out to study the effect of date pollinizer variety and pollination time on fruit set, growth and development of Medjhol date palm variety, in date palm garden of date palm and tropical fruit research institute of Iran during three years from 2009 to 2011. The trail was randomized complete block design in factorial manner with three pollen variety as Ghaname, Vardy, and Samesmave, two pollination time as 1-3 days before or after spathe opening and four replication. The results showed that the Vardy pollen had significant effects and increased the fertility percent and fruit yield, rather than two other pollen varieties. The pollen variety had no significant effects on fruit quality as total sugar, acidity, and bricx. The pollination time before spathe opening significantly increased fertility percent, decreased fruit weight and date palm yield. Finally the pollen variety and pollination time interaction effects showed that, application of Vardy pollen from 1-3 days after spathe opening with the most production date palm yield, equal 19.9 kilogram per any date palm trees, so this treatment is the best and are recommended.

Comparative Bio-sorption of Cadmium and Nickel Ions from Aqueous Solution onto Fibers of Date Palm using Fluidized Bed Column

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 1507-1512
Author(s):  
Baker M. Abod ◽  
Ramy Mohamed Jebir Al-Alawy ◽  
Firas Hashim Kamar ◽  
Gheorghe Nechifor
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Heavy Metal Ions ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Bed Height

The aim of this study is to use the dry fibers of date palm as low-cost biosorbent for the removal of Cd(II), and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solution by fluidized bed column. The effects of many operating conditions such as superficial velocity, static bed height, and initial concentration on the removal efficiency of metal ions were investigated. FTIR analyses clarified that hydroxyl, amine and carboxyl groups could be very effective for bio-sorption of these heavy metal ions. SEM images showed that dry fibers of date palm have a high porosity and that metal ions can be trapped and sorbed into pores. The results show that a bed height of 6 cm, velocity of 1.1Umf and initial concentration for each heavy metal ions of 50 mg/L are most feasible and give high removal efficiency. The fluidized bed reactor was modeled using ideal plug flow and this model was solved numerically by utilizing the MATLAB software for fitting the measured breakthrough results. The breakthrough curves for metal ions gave the order of bio-sorption capacity as follow: Cd(II)]Ni(II).

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