scholarly journals Using Computer Simulation to Investigate Which Joint Angle Changes Have the Most Effect on Ball Release Speed in Overarm Throwing

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 999
Author(s):  
Nurhidayah Omar ◽  
Maurice Yeadon ◽  
Mark King
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Joint Angle ◽  
Time History ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Overarm Throwing ◽  
Release Speed

Efficient throwing mechanics is predicated on a pitcher’s ability to perform a sequence of movements of body segments, which progresses from the legs, pelvis, and trunk to the smaller, distal arm segments. Each segment plays a vital role in achieving maximum ball velocity at ball release. The perturbation of one joint angle has an effect on the ball release speed. An eight-segment angle-driven simulation model of the trunk, upper limbs and ball was developed to determine which joint angle changes have the most influence on ball release speed in overarm throwing for an experienced pitcher. Fifteen overarm throwing trials were recorded, and the joint angle time histories of each trial were input into the simulation model. Systematically replacing each joint angle time history with a constant value showed that overarm throwing was sensitive (≥5 m/s effect on ball release speed) to trunk extension/flexion and upper arm external/internal rotation, and very sensitive (≥10 m/s effect) to forearm extension/flexion. Computer simulation allows detailed analysis and complete control to investigate contributions to performance, and the key joint angle changes for overarm throwing were identified in this analysis.

A Comparison of Overarm Throwing with the Dominant and Nondominant Arm in Experienced Team Handball Players

2009 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland van den Tillaar ◽  
Gertjan Ettema
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Velocity ◽  
Shoulder Abduction ◽  
Team Handball ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Throwing Accuracy ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Overarm Throwing ◽  
Release Height ◽  
Trunk Tilt ◽  
Experienced Team

The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy, velocity, and kinematics of throws with the dominant and nondominant arms in experienced handball players. Significant differences in throwing accuracy and ball velocity were found: decreased maximal velocities of the major joint movements and especially decreased internal rotation velocity of the shoulder. Timing differences in the onset of some joint movements, which resulted in an altered throwing pattern, could explain differences in the throwing velocity. Lower ball velocity was compensated by the increased ball release height, which was caused by an increased shoulder abduction and trunk tilt sideways angle at ball release.

A Three-Dimensional Analysis of Overarm Throwing in Experienced Handball Players

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland van den Tillaar ◽  
Gertjan Ettema
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rotation Velocity ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Team Handball ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Overarm Throwing

The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of upper extremity, trunk, and lower extremity movements in overarm throwing in team handball. In total, 11 joint movements during the throw were analyzed. The analysis consists of maximal angles, angles at ball release, and maximal angular velocities of the joint movements and their timing during the throw. Only the elbow angle (extension movement range) and the level of internal rotation velocity of the shoulder at ball release showed a significant relationship with the throwing performance. Also, a significant correlation was found for the timing of the maximal pelvis angle with ball velocity, indicating that better throwers started to rotate their pelvis forward earlier during the throw. No other significant correlations were found, indicating that the role of the trunk and lower limb are of minor importance for team handball players.

Optimization of the Tractive Performance of Articulated Tracked Vehicles Using an Advanced Computer Simulation Model

1992 ◽  
Vol 206 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Y Wong
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Joint Angle ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Tracked Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Tracked Vehicles ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Advanced Computer

This paper describes the results of a study of the effects of articulation joint configuration, suspension characteristics, location of the centre of gravity and initial track tension on the mobility of a two-unit, articulated tracked vehicle. The study was carried out using a comprehensive computer simulation model known as NTVPM-86. The results show that suspension characteristics, location of the centre of gravity and initial track tension have noticeable effects on the mobility of articulated tracked vehicles over marginal terrain, while the articulation joint angle has a less significant influence on vehicle performance. Locking the articulation joint between the two units of an articulated tracked vehicle usually causes a degradation of tractive performance. The approach to the optimization of the design of articulated tracked vehicles is demonstrated. It is shown that the simulation model NTVPM-86 can play a significant role in the optimization of articulated tracked vehicle design or in the evaluation of vehicle candidates for a given mission and environment.

A Comparison of Kinematics Between Overarm Throwing With 20% Underweight, Regular, and 20% Overweight Balls

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland van den Tillaar ◽  
Gertjan Ettema
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
Team Handball ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Overarm Throwing ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experienced Female

The aim of this study was to compare the kinematics in throwing with a regular weighted handball with 20% lighter and heavier balls in female experienced handball players. In total, eight joint movements during the throw were analyzed. The analysis consisted of maximal angles, angles at ball release, and maximal angular velocities of the joint movements and their timings during the throw. Results on 24 experienced female team handball players (mean age 18.2 ± 2.1 years) showed that the difference in ball weight affected the maximal ball velocity. The difference in ball release velocity was probably a result of the significant differences in kinematics of the major contributors to overarm throwing: elbow extension and internal rotation of the shoulder. These were altered when changing the ball weight, which resulted in differences in ball release velocity.

3–Dimensional Kinematics of Overarm Throwing Action of Children Age 15 to 30 Months

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1267-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascual Marques-Bruna ◽  
Paul N. Grimshaw
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Overarm Throwing ◽  
Older Subjects

7 children 15 to 30 mo. old participated in a study of 3–dimensional kinematics of overarm throwing. Children of different ages were considered to be at different developmental stages of motor development. Video recordings were digitised and 3-dimensional coordinates established using the DLT algorithm. Qualitative analysis indicated that the children executed either a ‘static’ or ‘dynamic’ throwing action. Either could further be classified as ‘arm dominated’ or ‘sequentially linked.’ Maximum elbow extension was no more than 163° for any child; release velocity was higher for older subjects; and the angle of ball release was large in ‘arm-dominated throws’ ( M = 49°) and comparatively smaller in ‘sequentially linked’ throws ( M = 15°).

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