The Reduction of Vertical Interchannel Crosstalk: The Analysis of Localisation Thresholds for Natural Sound Sources

Sound localization and identification are challenging in acoustically rich environments. The relation between these two processes is still poorly understood. As natural sound-sources rarely occur exactly simultaneously, we wondered whether the auditory system could identify ('what') and localize ('where') two spatially separated sounds with synchronous onsets. While listeners typically report hearing a single source at an average location, one study found that both sounds may be accurately localized if listeners are explicitly being told two sources exist. We here tested whether simultaneous source identification (one vs. two) and localization is possible, by letting listeners choose to make either one or two head-orienting saccades to the perceived location(s). Results show that listeners could identify two sounds only when presented on different sides of the head, and that identification accuracy increased with their spatial separation. Notably, listeners were unable to accurately localize either sound, irrespective of whether one or two sounds were identified. Instead, the first (or only) response always landed near the average location, while second responses were unrelated to the targets. We conclude that localization of synchronous sounds in the absence of prior information is impossible. We discuss that the putative cortical 'what' pathway may not transmit relevant information to the 'where' pathway. We examine how a broadband interaural correlation cue could help to correctly identify the presence of two sounds without being able to localize them. We propose that the persistent averaging behavior reveals that the 'where' system intrinsically assumes that synchronous sounds originate from a single source.

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Probing Europa's interior with natural sound sources

Icarus ◽

10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00150-7 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 165 (1) ◽

pp. 144-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Sunwoong Lee ◽

Michele Zanolin ◽

Aaron M. Thode ◽

Robert T. Pappalardo ◽

Nicholas C. Makris

Keyword(s):

Sound Sources ◽

Natural Sound

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Auditory Masking Patterns in Bottlenose Dolphins from Anthropogenic and Natural Sound Sources

10.21236/ada598414 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Brian K. Branstetter

Keyword(s):

Bottlenose Dolphins ◽

Auditory Masking ◽

Sound Sources ◽

Natural Sound

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KAJIAN SOUNDSCAPE DI RUANG PUBLIK TERBUKA TENGAH KOTA PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 (STUDI KASUS: TAMAN CATTLEYA, TOMANG, JAKARTA BARAT)

Jurnal Arsitektur ARCADE ◽

10.31848/arcade.v5i2.574 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 120

Author(s):

Bambang Heryanto ◽

Mona Anggiani ◽

Ashri Prawesthi

Keyword(s):

Public Space ◽

Public Spaces ◽

Mechanical Equipment ◽

Construction Work ◽

Sound Sources ◽

Urban Public Space ◽

City Space ◽

Natural Sound ◽

Motorized Vehicles ◽

The City

Abstract: Urban public spaces are public spaces that are visited by many urban residents with all the activities they can do. In the urban public space, various kinds of voices or sounds fill this space. Voices can be heard from any room or place in the city. The natural environment, humans, and mechanical equipment produce sound landscapes or soundscapes in the city space air. In urban public spaces, activities carried out by humans can produce artificial sound, while natural activities produce natural sound. The purpose of this study is to describe and explore the sound landscape in urban public space. This research was conduct on holidays, by observing various types of sounds and voices, the distribution of sources, time, and strength of sounds and voices to achieve the research objectives. Found that after the observation, in the open public space of Cattleya Tomang Park, West Jakarta, the results of mechanical sound sources came from the roar of motorized vehicles and the sound of construction work was more dominant than natural sounds that came from humans, trees, and animals. Research on soundscapes in urban public spaces is expected to be a basis for consideration in designing urban public spaces so that public spaces can be enjoyed more by city residents who use them. Abstrak: Ruang publik kota merupakan ruang publik yang banyak dikunjungi oleh warga kota dengan segala kegiatan yang bisa dilakukan. Di dalam ruang publik kota, berbagai ragam suara atau bunyi mengisi ruang ini. Bentang suara dapat didengar dari berbagai ragam ruang atau tempat di kota. Alam lingkungan, manusia, maupun peralatan mekanik memproduksi bentang suara atau soundscape di udara ruang kota. Di ruang publik kota, kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh oleh manusia dapat menghasilkan bunyi, sementara kegiatan alami menghasilkan suara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan dan mengeksplorasi bentang suara yang berada di ruang publik kota. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada hari libur, dengan mengobservasi berbagai macam jenis bunyi dan suara, sebaran sumber, waktu, dan kekuatan bunyi dan suara untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian. Didapati setelah pengamatan, pada ruang publik terbuka Taman Cattleya Tomang, Jakarta Barat, hasil sumber bunyi mekanik berasal dari deru mesin kendaraan bermotor dan bunyi pekerjaan konstruksi pembangunan gedung lebih dominan dibandingkan dengan suara alami yang datang dari manusia, pepohonan, maupun hewan. Penelitian soundscape di ruang publik kota ini diharapkan dapat menjadi dasar pertimbangan dalam perancangan ruang publik kota agar ruang publik lebih dapat dinikmati oleh warga kota yang memanfaatkannya.

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Schema learning for the cocktail party problem

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1801614115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (14) ◽

pp. E3313-E3322 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Kevin J. P. Woods ◽

Josh H. McDermott

Keyword(s):

Time Varying ◽

Cocktail Party ◽

Sound Sources ◽

Schema Learning ◽

Cocktail Party Problem ◽

Sound Structure ◽

Natural Sound ◽

Abstract Structure ◽

Task Irrelevant ◽

Acoustic Variation

The cocktail party problem requires listeners to infer individual sound sources from mixtures of sound. The problem can be solved only by leveraging regularities in natural sound sources, but little is known about how such regularities are internalized. We explored whether listeners learn source “schemas”—the abstract structure shared by different occurrences of the same type of sound source—and use them to infer sources from mixtures. We measured the ability of listeners to segregate mixtures of time-varying sources. In each experiment a subset of trials contained schema-based sources generated from a common template by transformations (transposition and time dilation) that introduced acoustic variation but preserved abstract structure. Across several tasks and classes of sound sources, schema-based sources consistently aided source separation, in some cases producing rapid improvements in performance over the first few exposures to a schema. Learning persisted across blocks that did not contain the learned schema, and listeners were able to learn and use multiple schemas simultaneously. No learning was evident when schema were presented in the task-irrelevant (i.e., distractor) source. However, learning from task-relevant stimuli showed signs of being implicit, in that listeners were no more likely to report that sources recurred in experiments containing schema-based sources than in control experiments containing no schema-based sources. The results implicate a mechanism for rapidly internalizing abstract sound structure, facilitating accurate perceptual organization of sound sources that recur in the environment.

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Role of pinnae and head movements in localizing pure tones 1The authors would like to thank Mr. Remi Humbert for implementing the experiment in Turbo Pascal and for his further assistance.

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024//1421-0185.58.3.170 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 170-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Barbara S. Muller ◽

Pierre Bovet

Keyword(s):

Sound Source ◽

Head Movement ◽

Movement Analysis ◽

Head Movements ◽

Sound Sources ◽

Localization Accuracy ◽

Sound Effects ◽

Posterior Quadrant ◽

Localization Performance ◽

Pure Tones

Twelve blindfolded subjects localized two different pure tones, randomly played by eight sound sources in the horizontal plane. Either subjects could get information supplied by their pinnae (external ear) and their head movements or not. We found that pinnae, as well as head movements, had a marked influence on auditory localization performance with this type of sound. Effects of pinnae and head movements seemed to be additive; the absence of one or the other factor provoked the same loss of localization accuracy and even much the same error pattern. Head movement analysis showed that subjects turn their face towards the emitting sound source, except for sources exactly in the front or exactly in the rear, which are identified by turning the head to both sides. The head movement amplitude increased smoothly as the sound source moved from the anterior to the posterior quadrant.

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