scholarly journals Distraction Potential of Vehicle-Based On-Road Projection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 12030
Author(s):  
Tobias Glück ◽  
Tobias Biermann ◽  
Alexander Wolf ◽  
Sören Budig ◽  
Arved Ziebehl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blind Study ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Driver Assistance ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Users ◽  
On The Road

With regard to autonomous driving, on-road projections cannot only be used for communication with the driver but also with other road users. Our study aims to investigate the distraction potential for other road users when on-road projections (e.g., for driver assistance) are used to communicate with the driver of the projecting vehicle. We perform this investigation in a blind study with 38 test persons who are overtaken six times on a constant motorway section by the projection vehicle. The distraction potential is examined with an eye-tracking system, which detects the direction of the subjects’ gaze. In addition, the subjects’ physiological perception of the headlight projection is recorded with a questionnaire afterward. Several test subjects looked at the projection for less than one second, which is well below the critical threshold for the distraction of 1.6 s. In the interviews, on the other hand, only one of the 38 test persons stated that a projection on the road was recognized. For the examined scenario, it is therefore deduced that on-road projections with the selected symbol shape and brightness do not lead to critical distraction.

scholarly journals External Human–Machine Interfaces: The Effect of Display Location on Crossing Intentions and Eye Movements

Information ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. B. Eisma ◽  
S. van Bergen ◽  
S. M. ter Brake ◽  
M. T. T. Hensen ◽  
W. J. Tempelaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Human Machine Interfaces ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Display Location ◽  
Press Time ◽  
Better Than

In the future, automated cars may feature external human–machine interfaces (eHMIs) to communicate relevant information to other road users. However, it is currently unknown where on the car the eHMI should be placed. In this study, 61 participants each viewed 36 animations of cars with eHMIs on either the roof, windscreen, grill, above the wheels, or a projection on the road. The eHMI showed ‘Waiting’ combined with a walking symbol 1.2 s before the car started to slow down, or ‘Driving’ while the car continued driving. Participants had to press and hold the spacebar when they felt it safe to cross. Results showed that, averaged over the period when the car approached and slowed down, the roof, windscreen, and grill eHMIs yielded the best performance (i.e., the highest spacebar press time). The projection and wheels eHMIs scored relatively poorly, yet still better than no eHMI. The wheels eHMI received a relatively high percentage of spacebar presses when the car appeared from a corner, a situation in which the roof, windscreen, and grill eHMIs were out of view. Eye-tracking analyses showed that the projection yielded dispersed eye movements, as participants scanned back and forth between the projection and the car. It is concluded that eHMIs should be presented on multiple sides of the car. A projection on the road is visually effortful for pedestrians, as it causes them to divide their attention between the projection and the car itself.

scholarly journals Implementing a Gaze Tracking Algorithm for Improving Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1480
Author(s):  
Agapito Ledezma ◽  
Víctor Zamora ◽  
Óscar Sipele ◽  
M. Paz Sesmero ◽  
Araceli Sanchis
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Driver Assistance ◽  
Driver Assistance Systems ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems ◽  
The Road ◽  
Assistance Systems ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Driver Distractions

Car accidents are one of the top ten causes of death and are produced mainly by driver distractions. ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) can warn the driver of dangerous scenarios, improving road safety, and reducing the number of traffic accidents. However, having a system that is continuously sounding alarms can be overwhelming or confusing or both, and can be counterproductive. Using the driver’s attention to build an efficient ADAS is the main contribution of this work. To obtain this “attention value” the use of a Gaze tracking is proposed. Driver’s gaze direction is a crucial factor in understanding fatal distractions, as well as discerning when it is necessary to warn the driver about risks on the road. In this paper, a real-time gaze tracking system is proposed as part of the development of an ADAS that obtains and communicates the driver’s gaze information. The developed ADAS uses gaze information to determine if the drivers are looking to the road with their full attention. This work gives a step ahead in the ADAS based on the driver, building an ADAS that warns the driver only in case of distraction. The gaze tracking system was implemented as a model-based system using a Kinect v2.0 sensor and was adjusted on a set-up environment and tested on a suitable-features driving simulation environment. The average obtained results are promising, having hit ratios between 96.37% and 81.84%.

scholarly journals Perspektif Masyarakat Pengguna Jalan Atas Ojek Online: Sudut Pandang Kemacetan

Media Ekonomi ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Ibram Pinondang Dalimunthe ◽  
Nofryanti Nofryanti
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Taxi Drivers ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Taxi Service ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Motorcycle Taxi ◽  
People’S Perceptions

This study provides an overview and analysis of the perceptions of road users on online motorcycle taxi behavior from the point of view of congestion. The research method uses a descriptive quantitative approach that explains the research objectives. The population of this study is all road users in the Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi areas. The samples used for research are people who have used online motorcycle taxi service facilities, as well as the general public who have views regarding online transportation. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire and distributed to respondents. The results showed that people's perceptions of online motorcycle taxis were able to create safety and comfort for customers, facilitate delivery of goods, be able to take the initiative to find alternative ways to shorten mileage, and affordable online ojek costs for customers. However, on the other hand, respondents said that the existence of online motorcycle taxis can contribute to the level of congestion on the road, respondents agreed that a special shelter should be made for customers and online motorcycle taxi drivers while waiting for orders so as not to interfere with the activities of other road users that have an impact on congestion.

scholarly journals On infusing reachability-based safety assurance within planning frameworks for human–robot vehicle interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 1326-1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Leung ◽  
Edward Schmerling ◽  
Mengxuan Zhang ◽  
Mo Chen ◽  
John Talbot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
The Other ◽  
Proactive Behavior ◽  
The Road ◽  
Planning Algorithm ◽  
Intent Prediction ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Free Interaction

Action anticipation, intent prediction, and proactive behavior are all desirable characteristics for autonomous driving policies in interactive scenarios. Paramount, however, is ensuring safety on the road: a key challenge in doing so is accounting for uncertainty in human driver actions without unduly impacting planner performance. This article introduces a minimally interventional safety controller operating within an autonomous vehicle control stack with the role of ensuring collision-free interaction with an externally controlled (e.g., human-driven) counterpart while respecting static obstacles such as a road boundary wall. We leverage reachability analysis to construct a real-time (100 Hz) controller that serves the dual role of (i) tracking an input trajectory from a higher-level planning algorithm using model predictive control, and (ii) assuring safety by maintaining the availability of a collision-free escape maneuver as a persistent constraint regardless of whatever future actions the other car takes. A full-scale steer-by-wire platform is used to conduct traffic-weaving experiments wherein two cars, initially side-by-side, must swap lanes in a limited amount of time and distance, emulating cars merging onto/off of a highway. We demonstrate that, with our control stack, the autonomous vehicle is able to avoid collision even when the other car defies the planner’s expectations and takes dangerous actions, either carelessly or with the intent to collide, and otherwise deviates minimally from the planned trajectory to the extent required to maintain safety.

The Impact of Road Familiarity on the Perception of Traffic Signs – Eye Tracking Case Study

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Babic ◽  
Darko Babic ◽  
Andelko Šcukanec
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Traffic Sign ◽  
Traffic Signs ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Users ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Impact

Traffic sign visual information provides road users with the basic instructions regarding route selection, safety at intersections, warnings on physical obstacles on the road and safe route marking. The use of sophisticated eye tracking systems is an efficient way to analyse the influence of traffic signs on drivers’ behaviour. In this paper, the drivers’ perception of traffics signs has been analysed using such a system. The aim of this paper is to determine how the perception of traffic signs changes according to the frequency of driving on a specific route or according to the route familiarity. The results show that the drivers’ perception of traffic signs declines as they get familiar with the route and road conditions. In addition, older drivers having more driving experience perceive fewer signs and elements from the environment because they are often led by their own experience and knowledge, so they do not need the same amount of information as compared to younger drivers.

scholarly journals Perspektif Masyarakat Pengguna Jalan Atas Ojek Online: Sudut Pandang Kemacetan

Media Ekonomi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Ibram Pinondang Dalimunthe ◽  
Nofryanti Nofryanti
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Taxi Drivers ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Taxi Service ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Motorcycle Taxi ◽  
People’S Perceptions

This study provides an overview and analysis of the perceptions of road users on online motorcycle taxi behavior from the point of view of congestion. The research method uses a descriptive quantitative approach that explains the research objectives. The population of this study is all road users in the Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi areas. The samples used for research are people who have used online motorcycle taxi service facilities, as well as the general public who have views regarding online transportation. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire and distributed to respondents. The results showed that people's perceptions of online motorcycle taxis were able to create safety and comfort for customers, facilitate delivery of goods, be able to take the initiative to find alternative ways to shorten mileage, and affordable online ojek costs for customers. However, on the other hand, respondents said that the existence of online motorcycle taxis can contribute to the level of congestion on the road, respondents agreed that a special shelter should be made for customers and online motorcycle taxi drivers while waiting for orders so as not to interfere with the activities of other road users that have an impact on congestion.

CREATING WALKING LED TRANSIT STATIONS FOR WOMEN IN MALAYSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Yong Adilah Shamsul Harumain ◽  
Nur Farhana Azmi ◽  
Suhaini Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
The Other ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Female User

Transit stations are generally well known as nodes of spaces where percentage of people walking are relatively high. The issue is do more planning is actually given to create walkability. Creating walking led transit stations involves planning of walking distance, providing facilities like pathways, toilets, seating and lighting. On the other hand, creating walking led transit station for women uncover a new epitome. Walking becomes one of the most important forms of mobility for women in developing countries nowadays. Encouraging women to use public transportation is not just about another effort to promote the use of public transportation but also another great endeavour to reduce numbers of traffic on the road. This also means, creating an effort to control accidents rate, reducing carbon emission, improving health and eventually, developing the quality of life. Hence, in this paper, we sought first to find out the factors that motivate women to walk at transit stations in Malaysia. A questionnaire survey with 562 female user of Light Railway Transit (LRT) was conducted at LRT stations along Kelana Jaya Line. Both built and non-built environment characteristics, particularly distance, safety and facilities were found as factors that are consistently associated with women walkability. With these findings, the paper highlights the criteria  which are needed to create and make betterment of transit stations not just for women but also for walkability in general.

scholarly journals Checklist of lizards of the Juruti, state of Pará, Brazil

Check List ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Lúcia Costa Prudente ◽  
Fernanda Magalhães ◽  
Alessandro Menks ◽  
João Fabrício De Melo Sarmento
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Species List ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

We present the first lizard species list for the municipality of Juruti, state of Pará, Brazil. The list was drawn up as a result of data obtained from specimens deposited in the Herpetological Collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi and from inventories conducted in 2008-2011. Sampling methods included pitfall traps with drift fences and time constrained searches. We considered the data collected by other researchers, incidental encounters and records of dead individuals on the road. We recorded 33 species, 26 genera and ten families. Norops tandai was the most abundant species. Compared with the other regions of Amazonia, the region of Juruti presented a large number of lizards. However, further studies with an increase in the sampling effort, could prove this area to be richer in lizards than that observed so far.

scholarly journals On the Tumulus of Choban Tepeh in the Troad

1897 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 319-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Calvert
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Road ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Hill

I derive the materials of the present paper from some memoranda which I find amongst my archaeological notes and which relate to certain explorations to which I was not a party, made so long ago as 1887. I have thought that the particulars then obtained may be deemed sufficiently interesting to deserve a record in the history of Trojan archaeological discovery.The subject is one of the four small tumuli dotted about and near the hill of Balli-Dagh, the crest of which according to the now exploded theory of Le Chevalier (1785) was supposed to represent the Pergamos of Troy. In a memoir contributed to the Journal of the Archaeological Institute of 1864, I proved that the site in question was no other than that of the ancient city of Gergis. In the same paper I gave an account of the results of the excavation of one of the group of three tumuli on Balli-Dagh, the so-named Tomb of Priam. The other two, namely Le Chevalier's Tomb of Hector, and an unnamed hillock, were excavated respectively by Sir John Lubbock (about 1878) and Dr. Schliemann (1882) without result. The present relates to the fourth mound on the road between the villages of Bournarbashi and Arablar (as shown in the published maps), which goes by the name of Choban Tepeh (Shepherd's hillock) and the Tomb of Paris, according to Rancklin (1799).

Art. VII.—An Account of Jerusalem, translated for the late Sir H. M. Elliot, from the Persian text of Náṣir ibn Khusrú's Safarnámah

1873 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-164
Author(s):  
A. R. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Hill ◽  
The City

On the 3rd of Ramazán, I left Ramlah, and went to a village called Khátún, and from thence to another, which they styled Kariatu-l-'Anab (Grape hamlet). On the road I observed plenty of wild rue growing spontaneously on hill and dale. I also noticed at this village a very delightful spring of water gushing out of a rock, where they had constructed reservoirs, and built edifices. From thence I proceeded up some rising ground, under the impression that I was ascending a hill, and that on going down the other side the city would lie before me. After I had climbed the ascent however for a short way, a vast wilderness lay in my front, partly stony, and partly showing merely the bare earth. At the summit of the hill stands the city of the “Baitu-l-Mukaddas” (Sacred Tabernacle, i.e. Jerusalem), between which and Tarábulis, whichis on the coast, are 56 parasangs, and from Balkh to Jerusalem 876.

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