scholarly journals Monitoring of Energy Data with Seamless Temporal Accuracy Based on the Time-Sensitive Networking Standard and Enhanced μPMUs

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 9126
Author(s):  
Víctor Pallarés-López ◽  
Rafael Jesús Real-Calvo ◽  
Silvia del Rio Jiménez ◽  
Miguel González-Redondo ◽  
Isabel Moreno-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Sigma Delta ◽  
Phase Errors ◽  
Phasor Measurement ◽  
Resistor Networks ◽  
Network Time Protocol ◽  
Moderate Cost

In the energy sector, distributed synchronism and a high degree of stability are necessary for all real-time monitoring and control systems. Instantaneous response to critical situations is essential for the integration of renewable energies. The most widely used standards for clock synchronisation, such as Network Time Protocol (NTP) and Precision Time Protocol (PTP), do not allow for achieving synchronised simultaneous sampling in distributed systems. In this work, a novel distributed synchronism system based on the Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standard has been validated for its integration in an architecture oriented towards the high-resolution digitisation of photovoltaic (PV) generation systems. This method guarantees a time stamping with an optimal resolution that allows for the analysis of the influence of fast-evolving atmospheric fluctuations in several plants located in the same geographical area. This paper proposes an enhanced micro-phasor measurement unit (μPMU) that acts as a phasor meter and TSN master controlling the monitoring system synchronism. With this technique, the synchronism would be extended to the remaining measurement systems that would be involved in the installation at distances greater than 100 m. Several analyses were carried out with an on-line topology of four acquisition systems capturing simultaneously. The influence of the Ethernet network and the transducers involved in the acquisition process were studied. Tests were performed with Ethernet cable lengths of 2, 10, 50, and 75 m. The results were validated with 24-bit Sigma-Delta converters and high-precision resistor networks specialised in high-voltage monitoring. It was observed that with an appropriate choice of sensors and TSN synchronism, phase errors of less than ±1μs can be guaranteed by performing distributed captures up to 50 kS/s. Statistical analysis showed that uncertainties of less than ±100 ns were achieved with 16-bit Successive Approximation Register (SAR) converters at a moderate cost. Finally, the requirements of the IEEE C37.118.1-2011 standard for phasor measurement units (PMU) were also satisfied. This standard establishes an uncertainty of ±3.1 μs for 50 Hz systems. These results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a simultaneous sampling system for distributed acquisition systems coordinated by a μPMU.

A two-stage Markov model–aided frequency-duration technique for reliability analysis of phasor measurement unit microwave communication networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhargav Appasani ◽  
Dusmanta Kumar Mohanta
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Communication Network ◽  
Markov Model ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Phasor Measurement Unit ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Phasor Measurement ◽  
Microwave Communication ◽  
And Control

The necessity for effective real-time monitoring and control, coupled with the developments in the fields of communication and sensor technologies, led to the emergence of the smart grid. The phasor measurement unit has emerged as an important sensor for the smart grid. The phasor measurement unit communication network is another crucial component which transfers the real-time sensor data measured by the phasor measurement unit to the phasor data concentrator for subsequent monitoring and control. Thus, its reliable operation is essential. The key parameters for assessment of reliability are the failure rate and the steady-state availability. This article presents a two-stage Markov model–aided frequency-duration technique for the reliability analysis of the phasor measurement unit microwave communication networks. Microwave communication network is a complex system as it requires several intermediate relaying towers or the microwave repeaters for communication feasibility. The Markov model explores the transition to the different system states and the frequency-duration approach estimates the frequency and duration of each of these states, thereby providing a simple and elegant means to compute the failure rates of a complex system. It provides a generalized expression for evaluating the systems availability and aids in diagnosing the components that are more prone to failure. Subsequently, this approach is used for the optimal placement of the phasor measurement units such that their resultant microwave communication networks are maximally available. Case study results for the Eastern power grid of India are presented to validate the credibility of the proposed approach.

scholarly journals Communication infrastructure for situational awareness enhancement in WAMS with optimal PMU placement

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhargav Appasani ◽  
Amitkumar Vidyakant Jha ◽  
Sunil Kumar Mishra ◽  
Abu Nasar Ghazali
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Communication Infrastructure ◽  
Wide Area Measurement System ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
And Control

AbstractReal time monitoring and control of a modern power system has achieved significant development since the incorporation of the phasor measurement unit (PMU). Due to the time-synchronized capabilities, PMU has increased the situational awareness (SA) in a wide area measurement system (WAMS). Operator SA depends on the data pertaining to the real-time health of the grid. This is measured by PMUs and is accessible for data analytics at the data monitoring station referred to as the phasor data concentrator (PDC). Availability of the communication system and communication delay are two of the decisive factors governing the operator SA. This paper presents a pragmatic metric to assess the operator SA and ensure optimal locations for the placement of PMUs, PDC, and the underlying communication infrastructure to increase the efficacy of operator SA. The uses of digital elevation model (DEM) data of the surface topography to determine the optimal locations for the placement of the PMU, and the microwave technology for communicating synchrophasor data is another important contribution carried out in this paper. The practical power grid system of Bihar in India is considered as a case study, and extensive simulation results and analysis are presented for validating the proposed methodology.

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