scholarly journals Quantifying Perceived Facial Asymmetry to Enhance Physician–Patient Communications

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 8398
Author(s):  
Shu-Yen Wan ◽  
Pei-Ying Tsai ◽  
Lun-Jou Lo
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
Cosmetic Surgery ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Medical Disputes ◽  
Trained Classifier ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Classifier ◽  
Physician Patient

In cosmetic surgery, bridging the anticipation gap between the patients and the physicians can be challenging if there lacks objective and transparent information exchange during the decision-making and surgical process. Among all factors, facial symmetry is the most important for assessing facial attractiveness. The aim of this work is to promote communications between the two parties by providing a quadruple of quantitative measurements: overall asymmetry index (oAI), asymmetry vector, classification, and confidence vector, using an artificial neural network classifier to model people’s perception acquired from visual questionnaires concerning facial asymmetry. The questionnaire results exhibit a Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.94 and categorize the respondents’ perception of each stimulus face into perceived normal (PN), perceived asymmetrically normal (PAN), and perceived abnormal (PA) categories. The trained classifier yields an overall root mean squared error < 0.01, and its result shows that the oAI is, in general, proportional to the degree of perceived asymmetry. However, there exist faces that are difficult to classify as either PN or PAN or either PAN or PA with competing confidence values. In such cases, oAI alone is not sufficient to articulate facial asymmetry. Assisting surgeon–patient conversations with the proposed asymmetry quadruple is advised to avoid or to mitigate potential medical disputes.

Reflecting on Your Reflection: Examining the Effect of a Non-Reversing Mirror on Self Perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell S Frautschi ◽  
Lynn M Orfahli ◽  
James E Zins
Keyword(s):  
Cosmetic Surgery ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Photographic Images ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
The Face ◽  
Physician Patient

Abstract Background Photographic images can clash markedly with patients’ self-perception. Individuals are more familiar with their mirror image, where their facial asymmetries are reversed. A non-reversing mirror (NRM) allows patients to see their dynamic non-reversed image and familiarize themselves with how they appear in photographs and to others. Objectives We aim to explore the effect that a non-reversing mirror has on facial self-perception and if it changes an individuals goals when considering cosmetic surgery. Methods Individuals (n=30) filled out portions of the FACE-Q™ after inspecting their reflections in a non-reversing mirror and in a standard mirror for 30 seconds each. Following both, investigators asked qualitative questions comparing the two mirrors. Wilcoxon signed-rank, Mann Whitney U, and Pearson’s Chi-squared tests were performed for analysis. Results Participants scored significantly better on the FACE-Q™ Age Appraisal and Appearance-Related Psychosocial Distress when using a standard mirror vs. NRM (p=0.007 and 0.001, respectively). Qualitatively, most reported that their faces seemed less symmetric and less balanced (73% and 53%, respectively) in the NRM. Overall, 83.3% reported seeing a qualitative difference in their appearance, with 30% endorsing that looking in the NRM had changed their facial aesthetic goals. Conclusions A NRM can bridge between the familiarity of the patient’s reversed reflection and their less-familiar, non-reversed true image. It may serve as a useful physician-patient communication tool when discussing goals and expectations for facial aesthetic procedures.

scholarly journals Assessment of facial asymmetry and establishment of threshold of sub-clinical asymmetry in Malwa population

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Chandni Bharti ◽  
Sandhya Jain ◽  
Harsh Vibhor Bharti
Keyword(s):  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Government College ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Wilcoxon Paired Test ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Right ◽  
Side Dominance

Introduction: The word symmetry is derived from the Greek word ‘symmetries’ which means ‘of like measure’. Facial symmetry can be defined in numerous ways, one being associated with the state of facial equilibrium, in which there is a correspondence in size, shape, and arrangement of facial landmarks on the opposite sides. Materials & Method: The 1427 subjects in the present study were selected from the Out Patient Department of Government College of Dentistry, Indore(M.P), who presented with aesthetically pleasing faces over a period of one year (October 2013-0ctober 2014). Out of the 1427 patients examined 150 (17-30 years) subjects were randomly included. Photographs and orthopantomogram of all the 150 patients were obtained. Result: The photographs and orthopantomogram were analyzed & Absolute value of Asymmetry Index was taken for all the measurements. Comparison of absolute Asymmetry index of different parameters between male and female subjects was performed. Wilcoxon paired test showed right side predominance for the parameter corpus length, middle facial width, cheek length, lower facial width. Conclusion: In the present study an attempt was made to quantify sub-clinical asymmetries in clinically symmetrical faces. Minor asymmetries were observed in nearly all individuals taken up for the study. There is no association of gender with predominance of facial asymmetry. On assessment of side predominance of asymmetry it was concluded that the right side dominance of asymmetry for corpus length, middle facial width, cheek length, lower facial width. A threshold value of 6% for sub-clinical asymmetry was established from this study except for condylar and coronoid.

La medicalizzazione della bruttezza

2009 ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
Rossella Ghigi
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Cosmetic Surgery ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
Qualitative Survey ◽  
Patient Interactions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Physician Patient

- The history of Western scientific and philosophical thought with regard to the human body is marked by a fascination for establishing the parameters of an ideal body shape. During the nineteenth century physiognomy and cosmetic surgery both took inspiration from the illusion of perfect geometrization of the body and its parameterization. The legitimation of cosmetic surgery, in particular, was based on the medicalization of deviations from ideal forms (normal and normative at the same time) of the body, producing the body as an object operable in potentia. This still occurs today particularly in physician-patient interactions and in media discourse. Through an analysis of cosmetic surgery texts (produced respectively by the most important Italian society for plastic surgery, a clinic and a handbook of cosmetic plastic surgery for surgeons) repertoires reading physical appearance through the lenses of normality and pathology are investigated. Based on a qualitative survey of plastic surgeons, the inertia encountered by the process of medicalization of ugliness in everyday practice is discussed.Keywords: cosmetic surgery, medicalization, social costruction of the body, ugliness, normalizationParole chiave: chirurgia estetica, medicalizzazione, costruzione sociale del corpo, bruttezza, normalizzazione

scholarly journals Facial asymmetry index in normal young adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Huang ◽  
X. Q. Liu ◽  
Y. R. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Asymmetry Index

scholarly journals A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujia Zhu ◽  
Shengwen Zheng ◽  
Guosheng Yang ◽  
Xiangling Fu ◽  
Ning Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Position Error ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Reference Plane ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Angle Error ◽  
Novel Method

Abstract Background We aimed to establish a novel method, using the weighted Procrustes analysis (WPA) algorithm, which assigns weight to facial anatomical landmarks, to construct a three-dimensional facial symmetry reference plane (SRP) for mandibular deviation patients. Methods Three-dimensional facial SRPs were independently extracted from 15 mandibular deviation patients using both our WPA algorithm and the standard PA algorithm. A reference plane was defined to serve as the ground truth. To determine whether the WPA SRP or the PA SRP was closer to the ground truth, we measured the position error of mirrored landmarks, the facial asymmetry index (FAI) error, and the angle error for the global face and each facial third partition. Results The average angle error between the WPA SRP and the ground truth was 1.66 ± 0.81°, which was smaller than that between the PA SRP and the ground truth. The position error of the mirrored landmarks constructed using the WPA algorithm in the global face (3.64 ± 1.53 mm) and each facial partition was lower than that constructed using the PA algorithm. The average FAI error of the WPA SRP was − 7.77 ± 17.02 mm, which was smaller than that of the PA SRP. Conclusions This novel automatic algorithm, based on weighted anatomic landmarks, can provide a more adaptable SRP than the standard PA algorithm when applied to severe mandibular deviation patients and can better simulate the diagnosis strategies of clinical experts.

Analysis of Medical Litigation Among Patients with Medical Disputes in Cosmetic Surgery in Taiwan

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 764-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Yu Lyu ◽  
Chuh-Kai Liao ◽  
Kao-Ping Chang ◽  
Shang-Ta Tsai ◽  
Ming-Been Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmetic Surgery ◽  
Medical Disputes ◽  
Medical Litigation

scholarly journals A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on Weighted Procrustes Analysis algorithm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhu Yujia ◽  
Shengwen Zheng ◽  
Guosheng Yang ◽  
Xiangling Fu ◽  
Yijiao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Position Error ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Reference Plane ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Angle Error ◽  
Novel Method

Abstract Background We aimed to establish a novel method based on Weighted Procrustes Analysis (WPA) algorithm that assigns weight to facial anatomical landmarks to automatically construct a three-dimensional facial Symmetry Reference Plane (SRP) for mandibular deviation patients. Methods Three-dimensional facial SRPs were extracted independently from 15 mandibular deviation patients, using both our WPA algorithm and the standard PA algorithm. A reference plane defined from professional experience served as the ground truth. To test whether the WPA SRP or the PA SRP was closer to the ground truth, we measured the position error of mirrored landmarks, the facial asymmetry index (FAI) error, and the angle error for the global face and for each facial third partitions. Results The average angle error between the WPA SRP and the ground truth was 1.66 ± 0.81°, which was smaller than that between the PA SRP and the ground truth. The position error of mirrored landmarks constructed using the WPA algorithm in the global face (3.64 ± 1.53 mm) and each facial partition was lower than the error of those constructed using the PA algorithm. The average FAI error of the WPA SRP was − 7.77 ± 17.02 mm, which was smaller than that of the PA SRP. Conclusions This novel automatic algorithm based on weighted anatomic landmarks provided a more adaptable SRP than the standard PA algorithm when applied to severe mandibular deviation patients and better simulated the diagnosis strategy of clinical experts.

Cleft Skeletal Asymmetry

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delnaz S. Patel ◽  
Rachel Jacobson ◽  
Yao Duan ◽  
Linping Zhao ◽  
David Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Facial Skeleton ◽  
Midsagittal Plane ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Skeletal Asymmetry

Objective: To quantitatively measure the extent of 3D asymmetry of the facial skeleton in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) using an asymmetry index (AI) approach, and to illustrate the applicability of the index in guiding and measuring treatment outcome. Method: Two groups of subjects between the ages of 15 and 20 who had archived CBCT scan were included in this study. Twenty-five patients with complete UCLP were compared with 50 age-matched noncleft subjects. The CBCT scans were segmented and landmarked for 3D anthropometric analysis. An AI was calculated as a quantitative measure of the extent of facial skeletal asymmetry. Results: For the control group, the AI ranged from 0.72 ± 0.47 at A point to 4.77 ± 1.59 at Gonion. The degree of asymmetry increased with the increasing laterality of the landmark from the midsagittal plane. In the UCLP group, the values of AI significantly increased compared to the control group at nearly all measured landmarks. The extent of the asymmetry to involve the upper, middle, and lower facial skeleton varied widely with the individual patient with UCLP. Conclusion: The asymmetry index is capable of capturing the 3D facial asymmetry of subjects with UCLP and as a basis for classification of the extent of the asymmetry. We found the index to be applicable in surgical planning and in measuring the outcome in improving the symmetry in patients who have undergone orthognathic surgery.

scholarly journals A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujia Zhu ◽  
Shengwen Zheng ◽  
Guosheng Yang ◽  
Xiangling Fu ◽  
Ning Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Position Error ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Reference Plane ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Angle Error ◽  
Novel Method

Abstract Background: We aimed to establish a novel method, using the weighted Procrustes analysis (WPA) algorithm, which assigns weight to facial anatomical landmarks, to construct a three-dimensional facial symmetry reference plane (SRP) for mandibular deviation patients.Methods: Three-dimensional facial SRPs were independently extracted from 15 mandibular deviation patients using both our WPA algorithm and the standard PA algorithm. A reference plane was defined to serve as the ground truth. To determine whether the WPA SRP or the PA SRP was closer to the ground truth, we measured the position error of mirrored landmarks, the facial asymmetry index (FAI) error, and the angle error for the global face and each facial third partition.Results: The average angle error between the WPA SRP and the ground truth was 1.66 ± 0.81°, which was smaller than that between the PA SRP and the ground truth. The position error of the mirrored landmarks constructed using the WPA algorithm in the global face (3.64 ± 1.53 mm) and each facial partition was lower than that constructed using the PA algorithm. The average FAI error of the WPA SRP was -7.77 ± 17.02 mm, which was smaller than that of the PA SRP.Conclusions: This novel automatic algorithm, based on weighted anatomic landmarks, can provide a more adaptable SRP than the standard PA algorithm when applied to severe mandibular deviation patients and can better simulate the diagnosis strategies of clinical experts.

The Medicalization of Ugliness

2009 ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Rossella Ghigi
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Cosmetic Surgery ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
Qualitative Survey ◽  
Patient Interactions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Physician Patient

- The history of Western scientific and philosophical thought with regard to the human body is marked by a fascination for establishing the parameters of an ideal body shape. During the nineteenth century physiognomy and cosmetic surgery both took inspiration from the illusion of perfect geometrization of the body and its parameterization. The legitimation of cosmetic surgery, in particular, was based on the medicalization of deviations from ideal forms (normal and normative at the same time) of the body, producing the body as an object operable in potentia. This still occurs today particularly in physician-patient interactions and in media discourse. Through an analysis of cosmetic surgery texts (produced respectively by the most important Italian society for plastic surgery, a clinic and a handbook of cosmetic plastic surgery for surgeons) repertoires reading physical appearance through the lenses of normality and pathology are investigated. Based on a qualitative survey of plastic surgeons, the inertia encountered by the process of medicalization of ugliness in everyday practice is discussed.Keywords: cosmetic surgery, medicalization, social costruction of the body, ugliness, normalizationParole chiave: chirurgia estetica, medicalizzazione, costruzione sociale del corpo, bruttezza, normalizzazione

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