scholarly journals Facial asymmetry index in normal young adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Huang ◽  
X. Q. Liu ◽  
Y. R. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Asymmetry Index

scholarly journals Assessment of facial asymmetry and establishment of threshold of sub-clinical asymmetry in Malwa population

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Chandni Bharti ◽  
Sandhya Jain ◽  
Harsh Vibhor Bharti
Keyword(s):  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Government College ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Wilcoxon Paired Test ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Right ◽  
Side Dominance

Introduction: The word symmetry is derived from the Greek word ‘symmetries’ which means ‘of like measure’. Facial symmetry can be defined in numerous ways, one being associated with the state of facial equilibrium, in which there is a correspondence in size, shape, and arrangement of facial landmarks on the opposite sides. Materials & Method: The 1427 subjects in the present study were selected from the Out Patient Department of Government College of Dentistry, Indore(M.P), who presented with aesthetically pleasing faces over a period of one year (October 2013-0ctober 2014). Out of the 1427 patients examined 150 (17-30 years) subjects were randomly included. Photographs and orthopantomogram of all the 150 patients were obtained. Result: The photographs and orthopantomogram were analyzed & Absolute value of Asymmetry Index was taken for all the measurements. Comparison of absolute Asymmetry index of different parameters between male and female subjects was performed. Wilcoxon paired test showed right side predominance for the parameter corpus length, middle facial width, cheek length, lower facial width. Conclusion: In the present study an attempt was made to quantify sub-clinical asymmetries in clinically symmetrical faces. Minor asymmetries were observed in nearly all individuals taken up for the study. There is no association of gender with predominance of facial asymmetry. On assessment of side predominance of asymmetry it was concluded that the right side dominance of asymmetry for corpus length, middle facial width, cheek length, lower facial width. A threshold value of 6% for sub-clinical asymmetry was established from this study except for condylar and coronoid.

scholarly journals A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujia Zhu ◽  
Shengwen Zheng ◽  
Guosheng Yang ◽  
Xiangling Fu ◽  
Ning Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Position Error ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Reference Plane ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Angle Error ◽  
Novel Method

Abstract Background We aimed to establish a novel method, using the weighted Procrustes analysis (WPA) algorithm, which assigns weight to facial anatomical landmarks, to construct a three-dimensional facial symmetry reference plane (SRP) for mandibular deviation patients. Methods Three-dimensional facial SRPs were independently extracted from 15 mandibular deviation patients using both our WPA algorithm and the standard PA algorithm. A reference plane was defined to serve as the ground truth. To determine whether the WPA SRP or the PA SRP was closer to the ground truth, we measured the position error of mirrored landmarks, the facial asymmetry index (FAI) error, and the angle error for the global face and each facial third partition. Results The average angle error between the WPA SRP and the ground truth was 1.66 ± 0.81°, which was smaller than that between the PA SRP and the ground truth. The position error of the mirrored landmarks constructed using the WPA algorithm in the global face (3.64 ± 1.53 mm) and each facial partition was lower than that constructed using the PA algorithm. The average FAI error of the WPA SRP was − 7.77 ± 17.02 mm, which was smaller than that of the PA SRP. Conclusions This novel automatic algorithm, based on weighted anatomic landmarks, can provide a more adaptable SRP than the standard PA algorithm when applied to severe mandibular deviation patients and can better simulate the diagnosis strategies of clinical experts.

scholarly journals A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on Weighted Procrustes Analysis algorithm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhu Yujia ◽  
Shengwen Zheng ◽  
Guosheng Yang ◽  
Xiangling Fu ◽  
Yijiao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Position Error ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Reference Plane ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Angle Error ◽  
Novel Method

Abstract Background We aimed to establish a novel method based on Weighted Procrustes Analysis (WPA) algorithm that assigns weight to facial anatomical landmarks to automatically construct a three-dimensional facial Symmetry Reference Plane (SRP) for mandibular deviation patients. Methods Three-dimensional facial SRPs were extracted independently from 15 mandibular deviation patients, using both our WPA algorithm and the standard PA algorithm. A reference plane defined from professional experience served as the ground truth. To test whether the WPA SRP or the PA SRP was closer to the ground truth, we measured the position error of mirrored landmarks, the facial asymmetry index (FAI) error, and the angle error for the global face and for each facial third partitions. Results The average angle error between the WPA SRP and the ground truth was 1.66 ± 0.81°, which was smaller than that between the PA SRP and the ground truth. The position error of mirrored landmarks constructed using the WPA algorithm in the global face (3.64 ± 1.53 mm) and each facial partition was lower than the error of those constructed using the PA algorithm. The average FAI error of the WPA SRP was − 7.77 ± 17.02 mm, which was smaller than that of the PA SRP. Conclusions This novel automatic algorithm based on weighted anatomic landmarks provided a more adaptable SRP than the standard PA algorithm when applied to severe mandibular deviation patients and better simulated the diagnosis strategy of clinical experts.

Cleft Skeletal Asymmetry

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delnaz S. Patel ◽  
Rachel Jacobson ◽  
Yao Duan ◽  
Linping Zhao ◽  
David Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Facial Skeleton ◽  
Midsagittal Plane ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Skeletal Asymmetry

Objective: To quantitatively measure the extent of 3D asymmetry of the facial skeleton in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) using an asymmetry index (AI) approach, and to illustrate the applicability of the index in guiding and measuring treatment outcome. Method: Two groups of subjects between the ages of 15 and 20 who had archived CBCT scan were included in this study. Twenty-five patients with complete UCLP were compared with 50 age-matched noncleft subjects. The CBCT scans were segmented and landmarked for 3D anthropometric analysis. An AI was calculated as a quantitative measure of the extent of facial skeletal asymmetry. Results: For the control group, the AI ranged from 0.72 ± 0.47 at A point to 4.77 ± 1.59 at Gonion. The degree of asymmetry increased with the increasing laterality of the landmark from the midsagittal plane. In the UCLP group, the values of AI significantly increased compared to the control group at nearly all measured landmarks. The extent of the asymmetry to involve the upper, middle, and lower facial skeleton varied widely with the individual patient with UCLP. Conclusion: The asymmetry index is capable of capturing the 3D facial asymmetry of subjects with UCLP and as a basis for classification of the extent of the asymmetry. We found the index to be applicable in surgical planning and in measuring the outcome in improving the symmetry in patients who have undergone orthognathic surgery.

scholarly journals A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujia Zhu ◽  
Shengwen Zheng ◽  
Guosheng Yang ◽  
Xiangling Fu ◽  
Ning Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Position Error ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Reference Plane ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Angle Error ◽  
Novel Method

Abstract Background: We aimed to establish a novel method, using the weighted Procrustes analysis (WPA) algorithm, which assigns weight to facial anatomical landmarks, to construct a three-dimensional facial symmetry reference plane (SRP) for mandibular deviation patients.Methods: Three-dimensional facial SRPs were independently extracted from 15 mandibular deviation patients using both our WPA algorithm and the standard PA algorithm. A reference plane was defined to serve as the ground truth. To determine whether the WPA SRP or the PA SRP was closer to the ground truth, we measured the position error of mirrored landmarks, the facial asymmetry index (FAI) error, and the angle error for the global face and each facial third partition.Results: The average angle error between the WPA SRP and the ground truth was 1.66 ± 0.81°, which was smaller than that between the PA SRP and the ground truth. The position error of the mirrored landmarks constructed using the WPA algorithm in the global face (3.64 ± 1.53 mm) and each facial partition was lower than that constructed using the PA algorithm. The average FAI error of the WPA SRP was -7.77 ± 17.02 mm, which was smaller than that of the PA SRP.Conclusions: This novel automatic algorithm, based on weighted anatomic landmarks, can provide a more adaptable SRP than the standard PA algorithm when applied to severe mandibular deviation patients and can better simulate the diagnosis strategies of clinical experts.

scholarly journals A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujia Zhu ◽  
Shengwen Zheng ◽  
Guosheng Yang ◽  
Xiangling Fu ◽  
Yijiao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Position Error ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Reference Plane ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Angle Error ◽  
Novel Method

Abstract Background: We aimed to establish a novel method, using the weighted Procrustes analysis (WPA) algorithm, which assigns weight to facial anatomical landmarks, to construct a three-dimensional facial symmetry reference plane (SRP) for mandibular deviation patients.Methods: Three-dimensional facial SRPs were independently extracted from 15 mandibular deviation patients using both our WPA algorithm and the standard PA algorithm. A reference plane was defined to serve as the ground truth. To determine whether the WPA SRP or the PA SRP was closer to the ground truth, we measured the position error of mirrored landmarks, the facial asymmetry index (FAI) error, and the angle error for the global face and each facial third partition.Results: The average angle error between the WPA SRP and the ground truth was 1.66 ± 0.81°, which was smaller than that between the PA SRP and the ground truth. The position error of the mirrored landmarks constructed using the WPA algorithm in the global face (3.64 ± 1.53 mm) and each facial partition was lower than that constructed using the PA algorithm. The average FAI error of the WPA SRP was -7.77 ± 17.02 mm, which was smaller than that of the PA SRP.Conclusions: This novel automatic algorithm, based on weighted anatomic landmarks, can provide a more adaptable SRP than the standard PA algorithm when applied to severe mandibular deviation patients and can better simulate the diagnosis strategies of clinical experts.

Measuring facial symmetry: a perception-based approach using 3D shape and color

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Berssenbrügge ◽  
Maren Lingemann-Koch ◽  
Amalia Abeler ◽  
Christoph Runte ◽  
Susanne Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Facial Symmetry ◽  
Facial Esthetics ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Surgical Methods

AbstractFacial symmetry is an important factor affecting esthetics. Thus, its restoration is an essential task in maxillofacial surgery. The aim of this study is to develop an objective measure of facial asymmetry by a novel approach where both the shape and the color are taken into account and to validate its correlation with perception.Optical three-dimensional (3D) face scans of 30 healthy adults are performed. Face-specific asymmetry indices are calculated by quantifying color differences as well as spatial distances between 3D data of a face and its mirrored copy. Subjective ratings of symmetry and attractiveness of the faces by 100 subjects are used to validate these indices.The symmetry ratings show significant correlations with color and geometric asymmetry indices. The attractiveness ratings correlate only weakly with both indices. However, the product of the indices exhibits significant correlations with both attractiveness and symmetry ratings.The presented combined asymmetry index comprising shape and coloring turned out to reflect subjective perception of both facial symmetry and attractiveness. It thus promises to be a valid objective measure for facial esthetics, which could contribute, e.g., to the evaluation of surgical methods as well as to the design of craniofacial prostheses.

scholarly journals Fibrous Dysplasia versus Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma: A Dilemma

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreelakshmi N. Nair ◽  
Raghavendra Kini ◽  
Prasanna Kumar Rao ◽  
Gowri P. Bhandarkar ◽  
Roopashri Rajesh Kashyp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Fibrous Dysplasia ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Chief Complaint ◽  
Ossifying Fibroma ◽  
Facial Bone ◽  
Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma ◽  
Uncommon Condition ◽  
Excessive Proliferation ◽  
Microscopic Findings

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a condition characterized by excessive proliferation of bone forming mesenchymal cells which can affect one bone (monostotic type) or multiple bones (polyostotic type). It is predominantly noticed in adolescents and young adults. Fibrous dysplasia affecting the jaws is an uncommon condition. The most commonly affected facial bone is the maxilla, with facial asymmetry being the chief complaint. The lesion in many instances is confused with ossifying fibroma (OF). Diagnosis of these two lesions has to be done based on clinical, radiographic, and microscopic findings. Here, we present a case of fibrous dysplasia of maxilla in a nine-year-old boy mimicking juvenile ossifying fibroma.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Altered Two-Point Fixation in Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fracture

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jun Hyeok Kim ◽  
Ye Sol Kim ◽  
Deuk Young Oh ◽  
Young Joon Jun ◽  
Jong Won Rhie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operation Time ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Patient Demographics ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fracture ◽  
Eyebrow Incision ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Zygomaticomaxillary Complex

Purpose. To reconstruct a zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fracture, zygomaticofrontal (ZF) suture is the most reliable site to assess anatomical alignment and to secure rigidity. It has been chosen primary site to be fixed, but approach through the lateral eyebrow incision may leave a visible scar. This study suggests altered two-point fixation of ZMC fracture without accessing the ZF suture. Methods. In the retrospective study, a total of 40 patients with ZMC fracture were divided into two groups (group 1, two-point fixation and group 2, three-point fixation). Patient demographics and follow-up were evaluated, and degree of reduction including cortical gaps of ZF and inferior orbital (IO) area, protruding difference of zygoma, and malar difference using asymmetry index were measured through preoperative and postoperative CT. Results. Preoperatively, the means of ZF displacement, IO displacement, protruding difference of zygoma, and facial asymmetry index between the groups were not statistically different. The result was the same after the operation. However, all variables were significantly different before and after surgery within each group. Moreover, mean operation time was significantly different between groups (P value = 0.026). Conclusion. Altered two-point fixation in ZMC fracture excluding incision approaching the ZF provides surgical efficacy and similar surgical outcomes to three-point fixation but offers reduced operation time and fewer complications.

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