scholarly journals Arthrospira platensis as a Feasible Feedstock for Bioethanol Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6756
Author(s):  
Enrique Gonzalez Bautista ◽  
Céline Laroche
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Glycogen Accumulation ◽  
Production Route

In recent decades and to deal with the scarcity of fossil fuels, many studies have been developed in order to set up a sustainable biofuel production sector. This new sector must be efficient (high productivity), economically profitable (low production costs and therefore acceptable fuel prices), and ethical (low carbon balance, no competition with food resources). The production of bioethanol is based on the fermentation of reserve sugars, accumulated in the form of starch in microalgae and glycogen in cyanobacteria. The advantage of this bioenergy production route lies in the fact that the post-crop fermentation process is at the industrial stage since it has already been tested for many years for the production of bioethanol from agricultural resources. One of the most cultivated cyanobacteria is Arthrospira (“Spirulina”) and its production is also already at industrial scale. Depending on the cultivation conditions, this cyanobacteria is able to accumulate up to 65% DW (dry weight) of glycogen, making it a feasible feedstock for bioethanol production. The aim of this review is to provide a clear overview of these operating conditions for glycogen accumulation.

Analysis of Sustainable Cassava Biofuel Production in Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.O. Ogundari ◽  
A.S. Momodu ◽  
A.J. Famurewa ◽  
J.B. Akarakiri ◽  
W.O. Siyanbola
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Engineering Economy ◽  
The Government

Nigeria's biofuels policy advocates the adoption of cassava as feedstock for a 10%-biofuel substitution option in Nigerian transport fuel demand. This policy option is expected to address energy security and environmental consequences of using fossil fuels as the sole source of transport energy in the country. This paper appraised the technological and economic factors necessary for achieving Nigeria's cassava-based biofuel initiative at different substitution levels of 5, 10, and 15% by the Year 2020. A multi-stage energy forecasting and project analysis framework adapted from Coate's structure for technology assessment, as well as engineering economy methodology was used for the study. Technological analysis entailed determining petrol consumption projection, R&D capability, input feedstock requirements, environmental considerations and land requirement for feedstock crop production while engineering economy analysis evaluated the economic viability of the project. The results showed that petrol consumption in Nigeria and bioethanol substitution requirements were in the range of 18,285.7 – 19,142.84 thousand tons and 914.28 (5% low demand) – 2871.43 (15% high demand) thousand tons, respectively by 2020. Cassava feedstock and landmass requirements for bioethanol production were in the range of 4.64 – 14.53 million tons and 4.08 – 12.80 thousand sq. km, respectively while carbon dioxide savings were between 1.87 – 5.89 million tons by 2020. The recovery price for cassava bioethanol was estimated to be US$ 0.74/litre [Formula: see text]. Petrol being subsidised presently is harmful to the environment though it ‘oils’ the economy. Nigeria currently subsidizes petroleum products to the tune of 28% of 2011 budget. The government plans to remove this by 2012. Thus we conclude that weighing both economic and environmental benefits of bioethanol substitution in petrol consumption in Nigeria, the study showed that bioethanol production from cassava feedstock would be both technically and economically viable, provided subsidy, which depends on political will on the side of the government, is introduced for the first ten years of its implementation.

scholarly journals Analysis of the evolution in current biomass to energy strategies, policy and regulations in Spain

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-383 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Renewable Energies ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
General View ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Low Carbon Energy

Global warming is one of the most serious challenges facing humankind as it has the potential to dramatically modify the living conditions of future generations. In order to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, most countries are implementing regulations aimed at reducing their dependence on fossil fuels, promoting energy efficiency practices and favoring the deployment of low carbon energy technologies, including renewable energy sources. In line with the international commitments assumed as a member of the European Union (EU) and also as a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, Spain developed a National Plan for Renewable Energies (PER 2005-2010) that forms the basis of the national strategy in this field. Spain has often been cited as an example for the rapid growth in the use of low carbon energy technologies. However, despite significant progress in the last decade, Spain is far from meeting the national objectives set in PER primarily due to slow growth in the demand for biofuels and the limited success of biomass fired power plants. The evolution in other energy technologies has been faster, situating Spain as world a leader in solar and wind energy. However, the contribution of these technologies to the national consumption is very marginal. In the midst of intense regulatory, commercial and R&D activity, this paper analyses the current situation with respect to the production of renewable energies in Spain, focusing primarily on the use of biomass resources. The paper offers a general view of policy and regulatory background, illustrates current progress towards meeting national objectives and provides a brief description of representative projects and market activity in biofuel production and biomass valorization.

Strategic role of nanotechnology for production of bioethanol and biodiesel

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahendra Rai ◽  
Júlio César dos Santos ◽  
Matheus Francisco Soler ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino ◽  
Larissa Pereira Brumano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Second Generation Ethanol

AbstractIn spite of the limited sources of fossil fuels, energy demand has been considerably increased since the last century. The problems associated with global warming due to rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels and scarcity of fossil fuels make it imperative to reduce our heavy dependency on fossil fuels. These reasons forced countries throughout the world to search for new fuel alternatives. Biofuel have gathered considerable attention due to their inherent benefits, like lower greenhouse gas emission, renewability, and sustainability. Commercially, biofuels are produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, and carbohydrates by using transesterification and fermentation. However, biofuel production suffers from high production costs and other technical barriers. Considering the environmental and economic issues, use of nanotechnology seems to be a viable solution. Nanoparticles have a number of interesting properties for the production of second-generation ethanol or transesterification of oils and fats to yield biodiesel. It is advantageous for recovery and reuse of catalysts. The present review discusses the role of nanotechnology in the production of bioethanol and biodiesel. Moreover, applications of nanoparticles for the production of biodiesel and second-generation ethanol with special reference to enzyme immobilization and chemical nano-catalysis have been described.

scholarly journals Pretreatment Lignoselulosa dari Jerami Padi dengan Deep Eutectic Solvent untuk Meningkatkan Produksi Bioetanol Generasi Dua (Lignocellulose Pretreatment of Rice Straw using Deep Eutectic Solvent to Increase Second-Generation Bioethanol Production)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurwahdah Nurwahdah ◽  
Al-Arofatus Naini ◽  
Asma Nadia ◽  
Ratri Yuli Lestari ◽  
Sunardi Sunardi, Ph.D.
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol

Current issues of energy sector in Indonesia can be summarized as depletion of fossil energy reserves which is dominated by fuel oil and coal. Oil production continues to decline and the increase in oil fuels demand lead to increase imports of crude oil and oil fuels. To use lignocellulosic biomass waste has become a major alternative to replace fossil fuels and chemical feedstocks production. In 2015, total rice production in South Kalimantan reached 2,140,276 ton and rice straws were abundant waste which could be utilized as raw material for bioethanol production. Pretreatment process of lignocellulose is a crucial step to remove lignin because of the complex chemical cross-linking between chemical components. Delignification of lignin can increase the accessibility and digestibility of enzymatic, and help to promote enzymatic hydrolysis. Nowadays, pretreatment process with green chemistry method is continuesly developed by researcher to reduce the production costs and thus avoid adverse effects on human and the environment. This article disscussed about green methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic material using deep eutectic solvent (DES) to increase second-generation bioethanol production in South Kalimantan.

scholarly journals Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1289
Author(s):  
M. Anwar H. Khan ◽  
Sophia Bonifacio ◽  
Joanna Clowes ◽  
Amy Foulds ◽  
Rayne Holland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
The Impact

An accelerating global energy demand, paired with the harmful environmental effects of fossil fuels, has triggered the search for alternative, renewable energy sources. Biofuels are arguably a potential renewable energy source in the transportation industry as they can be used within current infrastructures and require less technological advances than other renewable alternatives, such as electric vehicles and nuclear power. The literature suggests biofuels can negatively impact food security and production; however, this is dependent on the type of feedstock used in biofuel production. Advanced biofuels, derived from inedible biomass, are heavily favoured but require further research and development to reach their full commercial potential. Replacing fossil fuels by biofuels can substantially reduce particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, but simultaneously increase emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), resulting in debates concerning the way biofuels should be implemented. The potential biofuel blends (FT-SPK, HEFA-SPK, ATJ-SPK and HFS-SIP) and their use as an alternative to kerosene-type fuels in the aviation industry have also been assessed. Although these fuels are currently more costly than conventional aviation fuels, possible reduction in production costs has been reported as a potential solution. A preliminary study shows that i-butanol emissions (1.8 Tg/year) as a biofuel can increase ozone levels by up to 6% in the upper troposphere, highlighting a potential climate impact. However, a larger number of studies will be needed to assess the practicalities and associated cost of using the biofuel in existing vehicles, particularly in terms of identifying any modifications to existing engine infrastructure, the impact of biofuel emissions, and their chemistry on the climate and human health, to fully determine their suitability as a potential renewable energy source.

Overview on Mechanical-Chemical Ionic Liquid Pretreatment Study on Bioethanol–Based Lignocellulosics Biomass

2015 ◽  
Vol 1125 ◽  
pp. 260-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Sharliza Mohd Safaai ◽  
Amizon Azizan ◽  
Maisarah Ramli ◽  
Siti Norsyarahah Che Kamarludin
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Process Time ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Direct Production ◽  
Production Route ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pretreatment Technology

Due to rapid growth in population and industrialization, worldwide ethanol demand is increasing continuously. The abundant sources of lignocellulosic biomass (LB) from agricultural wastes are attractive feed stocks to become a sustainable source for bioethanol production. There are many crucial engineering steps involved in the bioethanol production route especially on the pretreatment which comprises of chemical, mechanical and biological approaches. In this study we reviewed the various pretreatment involved in biofuel production. By considering the all steps required which may incur costs then influence the price of bioethanol an effective pretreatment technology is required for minimizing the cost and concurrently minimizing other problem especially environmental pollution caused by the pretreatment process. Therefore, a compact step combining all or some of the steps and with additional application of green technology with ionic liquid (IL) will be beneficial to the future direct production of liquefied biofuel with chemical-mechanical-biological based techniques starting from the pretreatment study which therefore lessen cost incurred and process time.

CFD Study of a Micro-Combustor Under Variable Operating Conditions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina Cameretti ◽  
Roberta De Robbio ◽  
Raffaele Tuccillo
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Kinetic Mechanisms ◽  
Micro Turbine ◽  
Set Up

New concepts for power generation are discussed as a response to CO2 emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. These concepts include low-carbon fuels as well as new fuel supplies will be used, with (biogenic) low-caloric gases such as syngas with an amount of hydrogen, with a share of 50% and even higher. However, hydrogen mixtures have a higher reactivity than natural gas (NG) mixtures, burned mostly in today’s gas turbine combustors. The authors discuss in this paper the potential of a micro gas turbine (MGT) combustor when operated under unconventional conditions, both in terms of variation in the fuel supplied and concerning the part-load or off-design operation. In particular, the authors’ methodology relies on an advanced CFD approach that makes use of extended kinetic mechanisms coupled with the turbulent interaction of the reacting species. A preliminary set-up of the combustion model is based on data provided by experimental tests of the micro-turbine. In the paper, several computational examples are discussed, namely: - The comparison of combustion stability and efficiency and pollutant production with several fuels. - The analysis of the combustor response with reduced load. - The use of the pilot and main injectors for supplying different fuels.

REMANIT 4306

Alloy Digest ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Corrosion Resistant ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract Remanit 4306 is a low-carbon chromium nickel austenitic stainless steel that is superior in corrosion resistance to type 302 (see Alloy Digest SS-99, revised September 1998). Due to its low carbon content, Remanit 4306 is intergranular corrosion resistant under continuous operating conditions up to 350 C (652 F). This grade is particular suitable for high degrees of cold working and for sequential drawing. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: SS-679. Producer or source: Thyssen Stahl AG.

scholarly journals Conversion of biomass to biofuels and life cycle assessment: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed I. Osman ◽  
Neha Mehta ◽  
Ahmed M. Elgarahy ◽  
Amer Al-Hinai ◽  
Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Thermochemical Processes ◽  
Lower Temperature

AbstractThe global energy demand is projected to rise by almost 28% by 2040 compared to current levels. Biomass is a promising energy source for producing either solid or liquid fuels. Biofuels are alternatives to fossil fuels to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, policy decisions for biofuels should be based on evidence that biofuels are produced in a sustainable manner. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) provides information on environmental impacts associated with biofuel production chains. Here, we review advances in biomass conversion to biofuels and their environmental impact by life cycle assessment. Processes are gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis routes and fermentation. Thermochemical processes are classified into low temperature, below 300 °C, and high temperature, higher than 300 °C, i.e. gasification, combustion and pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is promising because it operates at a relatively lower temperature of up to 500 °C, compared to gasification, which operates at 800–1300 °C. We focus on 1) the drawbacks and advantages of the thermochemical and biochemical conversion routes of biomass into various fuels and the possibility of integrating these routes for better process efficiency; 2) methodological approaches and key findings from 40 LCA studies on biomass to biofuel conversion pathways published from 2019 to 2021; and 3) bibliometric trends and knowledge gaps in biomass conversion into biofuels using thermochemical and biochemical routes. The integration of hydrothermal and biochemical routes is promising for the circular economy.

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