scholarly journals Integrating Optical and Wireless Techniques towards Novel Fronthaul and Access Architectures in a 5G NR Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5048
Author(s):  
Ramon Maia Borges ◽  
Celso Henrique de Souza Lopes ◽  
Eduardo Saia Lima ◽  
Marco Aurélio de Oliveira ◽  
Matheus Sêda Borsato Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Visible Light Communication ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Free Space Optical ◽  
Error Vector Magnitude ◽  
Wireless Data ◽  
Radio Access

The fifth-generation of mobile network (5G) and beyond requires a radio access network (RAN) update in order to cope with the incoming increase of wireless data traffic and new applications. In this context, we propose an efficient optical-wireless architecture applied to the non-standalone (NSA) 5G new radio (NR) framework. Several distinct electrical- and optical-based fronthaul configurations combining free-space optical (FSO), wireless links, and radio over fiber (RoF) techniques were implemented and properly analyzed for selection according to network operator deployment requirements. In addition, visible light communication (VLC) was investigated as a future access network technology when immunity to electromagnetic interference is paramount. Experimental results demonstrated fourth-generation of mobile network (4G) and 5G coexistence at Gbit/s throughput and error vector magnitude (EVM) in accordance with 5G NR Release 15.

Performance Evaluation of Ethernet Network for Mobile Fronthual Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Hadush Hailu
Keyword(s):  
Access Network ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Packet Delay ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Link Length ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Ethernet Network

<p>Increasing mobile data traffic due to the rise of both smartphones and tablets has led to high-capacity demand of mobile data network. To meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components, Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements imposed by Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) and 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). This fronthaul connection is not yet provided by packet based network. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Ethernet networks for mobile fronthaul. The fronthaul requirements used to evaluate and investigate this network are maximum End to End (E2E) latency, Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) and Packet Delay Variation (PDV). The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of High Priority (HP) traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. However, the PDV of HP traffic meets the fronthaul network when the number of nodes in the Ethernet network is at most four. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.</p>

Mobile Network Offloading

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michail Katsigiannis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
Mobile Operator ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Traffic Growth ◽  
Deployment Cost

The mobile data traffic growth and the high fraction of indoor-generated traffic push mobile operators to devise new deployment strategies such as mobile network offloading. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the energy consumption and the deployment cost, based on the demanded traffic level, for a joint macro-femtocell network which enables mobile network offloading in Helsinki Metropolitan Area by 2015. This deployment is compared to an optimized only macro cellular network. The study tries to resolve under what conditions, in terms of demanded traffic, deployment cost and energy consumption, a mobile operator should deploy femtocells. Assuming that only the new network infrastructure is installed by 2015, the results show that wide-to-local area offloading is beneficial for a mobile operator to handle the mobile data traffic growth, reduce the deployment costs and the energy consumption of the radio access network.

scholarly journals SDR Enabled C-RAN Implementation using OpenAirInterface

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akeem Olapade Mufutau ◽  
Fernando Pedro Guiomar ◽  
Arnaldo Oliveira ◽  
Paulo Pereira Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Software Defined Radio ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Radio Access Network ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Continuous Dynamic ◽  
Cloud Ran

Abstract Towards enabling 5G radio access technologies and beyond to meet the requirements for continuous dynamic and diverse services, flexibility and scalability of the cellular network are therefore pertinent. The utilization of software-defined radio (SDR) aided with an open-source platform and virtualization techniques are increasingly exposing the realization of desirable flexibility for radio access network (RAN) while enabling the development of a prototype which can be directed at fostering further mobile network research activities. In this paper, we review OpenAirInterface (OAI) implementation and present an OAI based cloud RAN (C-RAN) testbed with which mobile fronthaul (MFH) solutions can be tested.

scholarly journals Online Distributed User Association for Heterogeneous Radio Access Network

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bikram Kumar ◽  
Lokesh Sharma ◽  
Shih-Lin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Local Area Network ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Visible Light Communication ◽  
Data Rate ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
User Association ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Radio Access

Future-generation radio access networks (RAN) are projected to fulfill the diverse requirements of user equipment (UE) by adopting a heterogeneous network (HetNet) environment. Necessary integration of different radio access technologies (RAT), such as 2G, 3G, 4G, wireless local area network (WLAN), and visible light communication (VLC) is inevitable. Moreover, UEs equipped with diverse requirements will be capable of accessing some or all the RATs. The complex HetNet environment with diverse requirements of UEs will present many challenges. The HetNet is likely to suffer severely from load imbalance among the base stations (BSs) from inheriting the traditional user association scheme such as max-SINR (signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio)/max-RSSI (received signal strength indicator), unless some sophisticated schemes are invented. In this paper, a novel scheme is devised for a joint-user association for load balancing, where BSs are densely deployed and UEs typically have a certain degree of mobility. Unlike most of the present works, a dynamic network is considered where the position and channel condition of the UEs are not fixed. We develop two complex and distributed association schemes based on probability and d-choices, while carefully considering both loads of the BSs and SINR experienced by the UEs. Numerical results validate the efficiency of the proposed schemes by showing a received data-rate fairness among UEs and an improvement in the UE’s minimum received data rate.

scholarly journals A 5G C-RAN Optical Fronthaul Architecture for Hotspot Areas Using OFDM-Based Analog IFoF Waveforms

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 4059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charoula Mitsolidou ◽  
Christos Vagionas ◽  
Agapi Mesodiakaki ◽  
Pavlos Maniotis ◽  
George Kalfas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wavelength Division Multiplexing ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Intermediate Frequency ◽  
Error Vector Magnitude ◽  
Photonic Integrated Circuit ◽  
Wavelength Division ◽  
High Data ◽  
Radio Access

Analog fronthauling is currently promoted as a bandwidth and energy-efficient solution that can meet the requirements of the Fifth Generation (5G) vision for low latency, high data rates and energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose an analog optical fronthaul 5G architecture, fully aligned with the emerging Centralized-Radio Access Network (C-RAN) concept. The proposed architecture exploits the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique and multicarrier intermediate-frequency-over-fiber (IFoF) signal generation per wavelength in order to satisfy the demanding needs of hotspot areas. Particularly, the fronthaul link employs photonic integrated circuit (PIC)-based WDM optical transmitters (Txs) at the baseband unit (BBU), while novel reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs) cascaded in an optical bus are used at the remote radio head (RRH) site, to facilitate reconfigurable wavelength switching functionalities up to 4 wavelengths. An aggregate capacity of 96 Gb/s has been reported by exploiting two WDM links carrying multi-IF band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals at a baud rate of 0.5 Gbd with sub-carrier (SC) modulation of 64-QAM. All signals exhibited error vector magnitude (EVM) values within the acceptable 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) limits of 8%. The longest reach to place the BBU away from the hotspot was also investigated, revealing acceptable EVM performance for fiber lengths up to 4.8 km.

QoS Performance of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network in Mobile Fronthual Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Hadush Hailu
Keyword(s):  
Optical Network ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Link Length ◽  
Cloud Radio Access Network ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Ethernet Network ◽  
Qos Performance ◽  
Guaranteed Service

<p>Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L<sub>1GE </sub><sup>SM</sup> =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E<sup>-03</sup> up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.</p>

2G-4G Networks

2011 ◽  
pp. 964-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakil Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Stationary Mode ◽  
Download Time ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
4G Wireless ◽  
Wireless Mobile

The fourth-generation wireless mobile systems, commonly known as 4G, is expected to provide global roaming across different types of wireless and mobile networks; for instance, from satellite to mobile networks and to Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). 4G is an all IP-based mobile network using different radio access technologies and providing seamless roaming and connection via always the best available network (Zahariadis & Kazakos, 2003). The vision of 4G wireless/mobile systems will be the provision of broadband access, seamless global roaming and Internet/data/voice everywhere, utilizing for each the most “appropriate” always-best connected technology (Gustafsson & Jonsson, 2003). These systems are about integrating terminals, networks and applications to satisfy increasing user demands (Ibrahim, 2002; Lu & Berezdivin, 2002). 4G systems are expected to offer a speed of more than 100 Mbps in stationary mode and an average of 20 Mbps for mobile stations, reducing the download time of graphics and multimedia components by more than 10 times compared to currently available 2 Mbps on 3G systems.

scholarly journals Network Efficiency Amendment Utilizing Cloud Radio Access Network In Mobile Communications

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.6) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Karthikala. P ◽  
Dr. C.Arunachala Perumal ◽  
Ms. M.Ramya
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Telecommunications Industry ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Network Efficiency ◽  
Green Communication ◽  
Radio Access Network ◽  
Cloud Radio Access Network ◽  
Radio Access

Mobile data traffic is finding exponential growth currently in telecommunications industry. It has become important to concentrate on both spectral and energy efficiencies in utilizing cellular networks under green communication standpoint. Thus, for 5G the utmost priority is that to increase data traffic and reduce the total network energy ingesting by half. The proposed work is to design the Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) with energy efficient, flexible and capacity-enhanced features by effectively bundling and establishing relation between BBU and RRU utilizing Catechistic technique. Mathematical results with realistic parameters prove that the projected optimization design clearly improve the energy efficiency of C-RAN’s compared to standard schemes. 

scholarly journals A Novel Coordinated Edge Caching with Request Filtration in Radio Access Network

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Yuemei Xu ◽  
Tao Lin ◽  
Xiaohui Wang ◽  
Song Ci
Keyword(s):  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Radio Access Network ◽  
Limited Bandwidth ◽  
Content Caching ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Caching Scheme ◽  
Average Latency

Content caching at the base station of the Radio Access Network (RAN) is a way to reduce backhaul transmission and improve the quality of experience. So it is crucial to manage such massive microcaches to store the contents in a coordinated manner, in order to increase the overall mobile network capacity to support more number of requests. We achieve this goal in this paper with a novel caching scheme, which reduces the repeating traffic by request filtration and asynchronous multicast in a RAN. Request filtration can make the best use of the limited bandwidth and in turn ensure the good performance of the coordinated caching. Moreover, the storage at the mobile devices is also considered to be used to further reduce the backhaul traffic and improve the users’ experience. In addition, we drive the optimal cache division in this paper with the aim of reducing the average latency user perceived. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms existing algorithms.

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