scholarly journals Unveiling the Reaction Mechanism of the Das/Chechik/Marek Synthesis of Stereodefined Quaternary Carbon Centers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5002
Author(s):  
Pedro J. Silva ◽  
Carlos E. P. Bernardo
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Grignard Reagent ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Nucleophilic Attack ◽  
Carbon Centers ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Cu Catalyst ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Zinc Carbenoid

The reaction mechanism of the Cu+-catalyzed introduction of two all-carbon-substituted stereocenters in an ynamide system using a Grignard reagent, a zinc carbenoid, and an aldehyde, was investigated using density-functional theory. In contrast to the formation of an organocopper(I) compound and subsequent carbocupration reaction, previously postulated as the initial step, the reaction proved to instead proceed through an initial complexation of the substrate alkyne bond by the Cu+-catalyst, which primes this bond for reaction with the Grignard reagent. Subsequent addition of the zinc carbenoid then enables the nucleophilic attack on the incoming aldehyde, which is revealed as the rate-limiting step. Our computations have also identified the factors governing the regio- and setereoselectivity of this interesting reaction, and suggest possible paths for its further development

scholarly journals Kinetic modelling of hydrogen transfer deoxygenation of a prototypical fatty acid over a bimetallic Pd60Cu40 catalyst: an investigation of the surface reaction mechanism and rate limiting step

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 1682-1693
Author(s):  
Kin Wai Cheah ◽  
Suzana Yusup ◽  
Martin J. Taylor ◽  
Bing Shen How ◽  
Amin Osatiashtiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Hydrogen Transfer ◽  
Surface Reaction ◽  
Kinetic Modelling ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Limiting Step ◽  
Cu Catalyst ◽  
P Application ◽  
Rate Limiting

Application of tetralin as a source of hydrogen for catalytic conversion of oleic acid to diesel-like hydrocarbons using a bimetallic Pd–Cu catalyst.

scholarly journals Polarizable ab initio QM/MM Study of the Reaction Mechanism of N-tert-Butyloxycarbonylation of Aniline in [EMIm][BF4]

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 2830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Vázquez-Montelongo ◽  
José Vázquez-Cervantes ◽  
G. Cisneros
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Nucleophilic Attack ◽  
Elastic Band ◽  
Imidazolium Cations ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Sequential Mechanism ◽  
Rate Limiting

N-t e r t-butoxycarbonylation of amines in solution (water, organic solvents, or ionic liquids) is a common reaction for the preparation of drug molecules. To understand the reaction mechanism and the role of the solvent, quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical simulations using a polarizable multipolar force field with long–range electrostatic corrections were used to optimize the minimum energy paths (MEPs) associated with various possible reaction mechanisms employing the nudged elastic band (NEB) and the quadratic string method (QSM). The calculated reaction energies and energy barriers were compared with the corresponding gas-phase and dichloromethane results. Complementary Electron Localization Function (ELF)/NCI analyses provide insights on the critical structures along the MEP. The calculated results suggest the most likely path involves a sequential mechanism with the rate–limiting step corresponding to the nucleophilic attack of the aniline, followed by proton transfer and the release of CO 2 without the direct involvement of imidazolium cations as catalysts.

scholarly journals Understanding the reaction mechanism of Kolbe electrolysis on Pt anodes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihang Liu ◽  
Nitish Govindarajan ◽  
Hector Prats ◽  
Karen Chan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Microkinetic Model ◽  
Rate Determining Step ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Limiting Step ◽  
Tafel Slopes ◽  
Kolbe Electrolysis ◽  
Kolbe Reaction ◽  
Rate Limiting

Kolbe electrolysis has been proposed an efficient electrooxidation process to synthesize (un)symmetrical dimers from biomass-based carboxylic acids. However, the reaction mechanism of Kolbe electrolysis remains controversial. In this work, we develop a DFT- based microkinetic model to study the reaction mechanism of Kolbe electrolysis of acetic acid (CH3COOH) on both pristine and partially oxidized Pt anodes. We show that the shift in the rate-determining step of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on Pt(111)@α-PtO2 surface from OH* formation to H2O adsorption gives rise to the large Tafel slopes, i.e., the inflection zones, observed at high anodic potentials in experiments on Pt anodes. The activity passivation as a result of the inflection zone is further exacerbated in the presence of Kolbe species (i.e., CH3COO* and CH3*). Our simulations find the CH3COO* decarboxylation and CH3* dimerization steps determine the activity of Kolbe reaction during inflection zone. In contrast to the Pt(111)@α-PtO2 surface, Pt(111) shows no activity towards Kolbe products as the CH3COO* decarboxylation step is limiting throughout the considered potential range. This work resolves major controversies in the mechanistic analyses of Kolbe electrolysis on Pt anodes: the origin of the inflection zone, and the identity of the rate limiting step.

scholarly journals Unveiling the Rate-Limiting Step of the Bc1 Complex Reaction Mechanism

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 419a
Author(s):  
Angela M. Barragan ◽  
Alexander V. Soudackov ◽  
Zaida Luthey-Schulten ◽  
Klaus Schulten ◽  
Sharon Hammes-Schiffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Complex Reaction ◽  
Bc1 Complex ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Limiting Step ◽  
Rate Limiting

Mechanism of the Ullmann condensation

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Vrba
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Bifunctional Catalyst ◽  
Sulphonic Acid ◽  
Condensation Rate ◽  
Kinetic Relation ◽  
Bromide Anion ◽  
Reaction Intermediate ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Limiting Step ◽  
Rate Limiting

It has been found that the condensation rate of 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulphonic acid (I) with 1,3-diaminobenzene-4-sulphonic acid (II) giving 1-amino-4-(3'-amino-4'-sulphoanilino)anthraquinone-2-sulphonic acid (III) in media of NaHCO3-CO2 and NaHCO3-Na2CO3 with catalysis by CuI obeys the kinetic relation *u = k[I][II][Cu+][CO2-3], being controlled by the kinetic relation *u = k[I][II][Cu+]2[PO3-4] in media of NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4 buffers. The suggested reaction mechanism presumes formation of a bifunctional catalyst CuCO-3 or Cu2PO-4 which splits off the proton and bromide anion from the reaction intermediate in the rate-limiting step.

A mathematical modelling of acid catalyzed decomposition of 3-methyl-1,3-diphenyltriazene

1987 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 2492-2499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oldřich Pytela ◽  
Petr Svoboda ◽  
Miroslav Večeřa
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
Aqueous Ethanol ◽  
Activation Parameters ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Limiting Step ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Rate Limiting

The effect of acids on the decomposition of 3-methyl-1,3-diphenyltriazene has been studied in aqueous ethanol (40% (v/v) ethanol). The dependences found between the rate constant and acid concentration have been analyzed by means of non-linear regression using models including the specific and general catalysis and formation of associates between the substrate and the buffer components. The substrate has been found to form electrostatic associates with the conjugated base of acid. The complex formed is decomposed with the assistance of the proton or a general acid in the rate-limiting step to form the product. The Bronsted coefficient α = 0.81 has been found. Investigation of the activation parameters supports the earlier conclusions, indicating a dependence between the reaction mechanism and composition of the aqueous organic solvent.

THEORETICAL STUDY ON CUI-CATALYZED LIGAND-FREE N-ARYLATION OF IMIDAZOLE WITH BROMOBENZENE

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (05) ◽  
pp. 1135-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAN GUO ◽  
YING XUE
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Energy Barrier ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Oxidative Addition ◽  
Reductive Elimination ◽  
Free Energy Barrier ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Limiting Step ◽  
Ligand Free ◽  
Rate Limiting

The density functional theory (DFT) is used to investigate the mechanism of ligand-free CuI -catalyzed N -arylation of imidazole with aryl halide. The oxidative addition/reductive elimination mechanism is adopted via two different pathways to form the same Cu(III) intermediate. Comparing two pathways, the path 1 in which the imidazolyl coordination occurs prior to the oxidative addition is more favorable, because the free energy barrier of the rate-limiting step of path 1 is lower than the barrier of the other. In addition, it leads to a relative stable intermediate which can promote the reaction to process via path 1. And the overall free energy barrier of oxidative addition to imidazole-ligated Cu(I) complex is not high enough when comparing with the diamine-promote process, which can further prove that the N -arylation of imidazole is feasible in the absence of additional ligands. Nucleophile coordination and reductive elimination steps are facile, while the oxidative addition is the rate-limiting step.

scholarly journals The influence of active site conformations on the hydride transfer step of the thymidylate synthase reaction mechanism

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (46) ◽  
pp. 30793-30804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Świderek ◽  
Amnon Kohen ◽  
Vicent Moliner
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Thymidylate Synthase ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Hydride Transfer ◽  
Md Simulations ◽  
Concerted Mechanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Limiting Step ◽  
Rate Limiting

QM/MM MD simulations from different X-ray structures support the concerted mechanism character in the rate limiting step of thymidylate synthase catalysis.

scholarly journals Observation of fast release of NO from ferrous d1 haem allows formulation of a unified reaction mechanism for cytochrome cd1 nitrite reductases

2011 ◽  
Vol 435 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Rinaldo ◽  
Katharine A. Sam ◽  
Nicoletta Castiglione ◽  
Valentina Stelitano ◽  
Alessandro Arcovito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Turnover Number ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Limiting Step ◽  
Nitrite Reductases ◽  
Cytochrome Cd1 ◽  
Paracoccus Pantotrophus ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Fast Release ◽  
Present Experimental Evidence

Cytochrome cd1 nitrite reductase is a haem-containing enzyme responsible for the reduction of nitrite into NO, a key step in the anaerobic respiratory process of denitrification. The active site of cytochrome cd1 contains the unique d1 haem cofactor, from which NO must be released. In general, reduced haems bind NO tightly relative to oxidized haems. In the present paper, we present experimental evidence that the reduced d1 haem of cytochrome cd1 from Paracoccus pantotrophus releases NO rapidly (k=65–200 s−1); this result suggests that NO release is the rate-limiting step of the catalytic cycle (turnover number=72 s−1). We also demonstrate, using a complex of the d1 haem and apomyoglobin, that the rapid dissociation of NO is largely controlled by the d1 haem cofactor itself. We present a reaction mechanism proposed to be applicable to all cytochromes cd1 and conclude that the d1 haem has evolved to have low affinity for NO, as compared with other ferrous haems.

scholarly journals Design, Synthesis, andIn VitroKinetics Study of Atenolol Prodrugs for the Use in Aqueous Formulations

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafik Karaman ◽  
Alaa Qtait ◽  
Khulod Khayyat Dajani ◽  
Saleh Abu Lafi
Keyword(s):  
Density Functional ◽  
Bond Cleavage ◽  
Parent Drug ◽  
Acid Group ◽  
Amide Bond ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Amide Bond Cleavage ◽  
Rate Limiting

Based on DFT, MP2, and the density functional from Truhlar group (hybrid GGA: MPW1k) calculations for an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of nine Kirby’s N-alkylmaleamic acids and two atenolol prodrugs were designed. The calculations demonstrated that the amide bond cleavage is due to intramolecular nucleophilic catalysis by the adjacent carboxylic acid group and the rate-limiting step is determined based on the nature of the amine leaving group. In addition, a linear correlation of the calculated and experimental rate values has drawn credible basis for designing atenolol prodrugs that are bitterless, are stable in neutral aqueous solutions, and have the potential to release the parent drug in a sustained release manner. For example, based on the calculated B3LYP/6-31 G (d,p) rates, the predictedt1/2(a time needed for 50% of the prodrug to be converted into drug) values for atenolol prodrugs ProD 1-ProD 2 at pH 2 were 65.3 hours (6.3 hours as calculated by GGA: MPW1K) and 11.8 minutes, respectively.In vitrokinetic study of atenolol prodrug ProD 1 demonstrated that thet1/2was largely affected by the pH of the medium. The determinedt1/2values in 1N HCl, buffer pH 2, and buffer pH 5 were 2.53, 3.82, and 133 hours, respectively.

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