scholarly journals Causes, Factors and Control Measures of Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens—A Critical Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4474
Author(s):  
Erin Leslie ◽  
Jason Hinds ◽  
Faisal I. Hai
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
High Water ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Premise Plumbing ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

This review critically analyses the chemical and physical parameters that influence the occurrence of opportunistic pathogens in the drinking water distribution system, specifically in premise plumbing. A comprehensive literature review reveals significant impacts of water age, disinfectant residual (type and concentration), temperature, pH, and pipe materials. Evidence suggests that there is substantial interplay between these parameters; however, the dynamics of such relationships is yet to be elucidated. There is a correlation between premise plumbing system characteristics, including those featuring water and energy conservation measures, and increased water quality issues and public health concerns. Other interconnected issues exacerbated by high water age, such as disinfectant decay and reduced corrosion control efficiency, deserve closer attention. Some common features and trends in the occurrence of opportunistic pathogens have been identified through a thorough analysis of the available literature. It is proposed that the efforts to reduce or eliminate their incidence might best focus on these common features.

scholarly journals The Seasonality of Nitrite Concentrations in a Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirjo-Liisa Rantanen ◽  
Ilkka Mellin ◽  
Minna Keinänen-Toivola ◽  
Merja Ahonen ◽  
Riku Vahala
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution System ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Sampling Campaign ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

We studied the seasonal variation of nitrite exposure in a drinking water distribution system (DWDS) with monochloramine disinfection in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. In Finland, tap water is the main source of drinking water, and thus the nitrite in tap water increases nitrite exposure. Our data included both the obligatory monitoring and a sampling campaign data from a sampling campaign. Seasonality was evaluated by comparing a nitrite time series to temperature and by calculating the seasonal indices of the nitrite time series. The main drivers of nitrite seasonality were the temperature and the water age. We observed that with low water ages (median: 6.7 h) the highest nitrite exposure occurred during the summer months, and with higher water ages (median: 31 h) during the winter months. With the highest water age (190 h), nitrite concentrations were the lowest. At a low temperature, the high nitrite concentrations in the winter were caused by the decelerated ammonium oxidation. The dominant reaction at low water ages was ammonium oxidation into nitrite and, at high water ages, it was nitrite oxidation into nitrate. These results help to direct monitoring appropriately to gain exact knowledge of nitrite exposure. Also, possible future process changes and additional disinfection measures can be designed appropriately to minimize extra nitrite exposure.

scholarly journals Hydraulic optimization of the physical parameters of a drinking water distribution system

2021 ◽  
Vol 2139 (1) ◽  
pp. 012013
Author(s):  
C A Bonilla-Granados ◽  
N J Cely-Calixto ◽  
G A Carrillo Soto
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Hydraulic Modeling ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution System ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

Abstract Drinking-water distribution systems are generally designed with methodologies based on trial-and-error tests, which generate feasible results. However, these trials are not the most economical and reliable solution since they do not consider the optimization of the network. For the present work, the hydraulic model of the drinking water distribution network of San José de Cúcuta, Colombia, was optimized by applying the concept of resilience rate and minimum cost. The development of the work consisted of the hydraulic modeling of the physical components of the network in EPANET software, as well as the application of calculations of the connectivity coefficient and the unitary power of each section. With the data obtained from the modeling and calculations, the physical parameters were optimized, and the cost-benefit ratio was estimated. It was found that the current drinking water distribution system does not have a power surplus to overcome a system failure. The optimization increased the total energy surplus of the network (261%) and the resilience rate (585%). Also, the connectivity coefficient was improved with an average value of 0.95. The hydraulic optimization methodology applied resulted in a network resilient to system failures.

scholarly journals Dynamic Hydraulics in a Drinking Water Distribution System Influence Suspended Particles and Turbidity, But Not Microbiology

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle I. Prest ◽  
Peter G. Schaap ◽  
Michael D. Besmer ◽  
Frederik Hammes
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Hydraulic Conditions ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Particle Counts

Spatial and short-term temporal changes in water quality as a result of water age and fluctuating hydraulic conditions were investigated in a drinking water distribution system. Online measurements of total and intracellular adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), total and intact cell concentrations measured with flow cytometry (FCM), turbidity, and particle counts were performed over five weeks at five subsequent locations of the distribution system. The high number of parallel FCM and ATP measurements revealed the combined effect of water age and final disinfection on spatial changes in microbiology in the system. The results underlined that regular daily dynamics in flow velocities are normal and inevitable in drinking water distribution systems, and significantly impact particle counts and turbidity. However, hydraulic conditions had no detectable impact on the concentration of suspended microbial cells. A weak correlation between flow velocity and ATP concentrations suggests incidental resuspension of particle-bound bacteria, presumably caused by either biofilm detachment or resuspension from sediment when flow velocities increase. The highly dynamic hydraulic conditions highlight the value of online monitoring tools for the meaningful description of short-term dynamics (day-scale) in drinking water distribution systems.

Assessment of Lisbon drinking water distribution network biofilm colonization and associated hazards

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-426
Author(s):  
J. Menaia ◽  
M. Benoliel ◽  
A. Lopes ◽  
C. Neto ◽  
E. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
And Storage

Concerns arise from the possible occurrence of pathogens in drinking water pipe biofilms and storage tank sediments. In these studies, biofilm samples from pipes and sediments from storage tanks of the Lisbon drinking water distribution system were analyzed. Protein determinations and heterotrophic counts on pipe biofilm samples were used to assess the Lisbon network sessile colonization intensity and distribution. Indicator and pathogenic microorganisms were analyzed in pipe biofilm samples, as well as in storage tanks biofilm and sediments, by using cultural methods and PCR, to assess risks. Results have shown that the Lisbon network sessile colonization is relatively weak in intensity. In addition, no meaningful hazards were apparent for both the network biofilm and the storage tanks biofilm and sediments.

scholarly journals Modelling both the continual erosion and regeneration of discolouration material in drinking water distribution systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Furnass ◽  
R. P. Collins ◽  
P. S. Husband ◽  
R. L. Sharpe ◽  
S. R. Mounce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Proactive Management ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Mass Transport Model

The erosion of the cohesive layers of particulate matter that causes discolouration in water distribution system mains has previously been modelled using the Prediction of Discolouration in Distribution Systems (PODDS) model. When first proposed, PODDS featured an unvalidated means by which material regeneration on pipe walls could be simulated. Field and laboratory studies of material regeneration have yielded data that suggest that the PODDS formulations incorrectly model these processes. A new model is proposed to overcome this shortcoming. It tracks the relative amount of discolouration material that is bound to the pipe wall over time at each of a number of shear strengths. The model formulations and a mass transport model have been encoded as software, which has been used to verify the model's constructs and undertake sensitivity analyses. The new formulations for regeneration are conceptually consistent with field and laboratory observed data and have potential value in the proactive management of water distribution systems, such as evaluating change in discolouration risk and planning timely interventions.

Persistence and decontamination of surrogate radioisotopes in a model drinking water distribution system

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (20) ◽  
pp. 5005-5014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Szabo ◽  
Christopher A. Impellitteri ◽  
Shekar Govindaswamy ◽  
John S. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution System ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution
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