scholarly journals Evaluation and Validation of Viscous Oil Cavitation Model Used in Torque Converter

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3643
Author(s):  
Meng Guo ◽  
Cheng Liu ◽  
Qingdong Yan ◽  
Zhifang Ke ◽  
Wei Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Torque Converter ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Nucleation Site ◽  
Hydrodynamic Performance ◽  
Cavitation Model ◽  
Cavitation Behavior

Hydraulic torque converter is widely used in transmission units as it is able to provide variable speed and torque ratio, isolate vibration, and absorb shock. The pursuit of a highly packed power unit requires a high capacity/speed torque converter, consequently resulting in a higher risk for cavitation and severe performance degradation, noise, vibration, and even failure. Existing cavitation models generally focus on water, and the empirical parameters are not suitable for the cavitation prediction of torque converter which utilizes high viscosity oil as its working medium. This paper focused on the influence of parameters on the performance and cavitation characteristics of torque converter. A full flow passage geometry and different computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models with cavitation were developed to predict torque converter fluid behavior by resolving Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations using finite volume method (FVM). The numerical results indicated that nuclei volume fraction, vaporization coefficient, mean nucleation site radius, and maximum density ratio have great influences on the cavitation behavior. These parameters altered the degree of cavitation and the pressure distribution on the surface of stator blades, and affected the stall performance such as stall capacity factor and torque ratio. The cavitation model was then modified to improve calculation accuracy. The test results showed that the prediction error under stall operating condition was decreased from 6.7% to 2%. This study provides insight on the influences of the empirical parameters on both internal cavitation behavior as well as overall hydrodynamic performance.

Torque Converter Capacity Improvement Through Cavitation Control by Design

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Liu ◽  
Wei Wei ◽  
Qingdong Yan ◽  
Brian K. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Turbine Blade ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Torque Converter ◽  
Hydrodynamic Performance ◽  
Exit Angle ◽  
Cavitation Model ◽  
Suction Surface ◽  
Torque Capacity

Heavy cavitation in torque converters can have a significant effect on hydrodynamic performance, particularly with regards to the torque capacity. The objective of this study is to therefore investigate the effects of pump and turbine blade geometries on cavitation in a torque converter and improve the torque capacity without increasing the torus dimension. A steady-state homogeneous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed and validated against test data at stall operating condition. A full flow passage with a fixed turbine-stator domain was used to improve the convergence and accuracy of the cavitation model. Cavitation analysis was carried out with various pump and turbine blade geometries. It was found that there is a threshold point for pump blade exit angle in terms of its effect on torque capacity due to heavy cavitation. Further increasing the pump blade exit angle past this point will worsen cavitation condition and decrease torque capacity. The study also shows that a higher turbine blade exit angle, i.e., lower stator incidence angle, could reduce flow separation at the stator suction surface and consequently abate cavitation. A base high-capacity torque converter was upgraded utilizing the cavitation model, and the resulting design exhibited a 20.7% improvement in capacity constant without sacrificing other performance metrics.

scholarly journals Influence of Charging Oil Condition on Torque Converter Cavitation Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Liu ◽  
Meng GUO ◽  
Qingdong Yan ◽  
Wei Wei
Keyword(s):  
High Capacity ◽  
Torque Converter ◽  
Hydrodynamic Performance ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Cfd Models ◽  
Fluid Field ◽  
Cavitation Effect ◽  
Capacity Degradation ◽  
Charge Pressure ◽  
Fluid Behaviour

Abstract Cavitation inside a torque converter induces noise, vibration and even failure, and these effects have been disregarded in previous torque converter design processes. However, modern high-capacity torque converter applications require attention to this issue. Therefore, this study investigated the cavitation effect on a torque converter using both numerical and experimental methods with an emphasis on the influence of the charging oil feed location and charge pressure. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models were established to simulate the transient cavitation behaviour in the torque converter using different charging oil pressures and inlet arrangements and testing against a base case to validate the results. The CFD results suggested that cavitating bubbles mainly takes place in the stator of the torque converter. The transient cavitation CFD model yielded good aggrement with the experimental data, with an error of 7.6% in the capacity constant and 7.4% in the torque ratio. Both the experimental and numerical studies showed that cavitation induced severe capacity degradation, and that the charge pressure and charging oil configuration significantly affects both the overall hydrodynamic performance and the fluid behaviour inside the torque converter because of cavitation. Increasing the charge pressure and charging the oil from the turbine-stator clearance were found to suppress cavitation development and reduce performance degradation, especially in terms of the capacity constant. This study revealed the fluid field mechanism behind the influence of charging oil conditions on torque converter cavitation behaviour, providing practical guidelines for suppressing cavitation in torque converter.

scholarly journals Wall effects in non-Boussinesq density currents

2008 ◽  
Vol 616 ◽  
pp. 445-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS BONOMETTI ◽  
S. BALACHANDAR ◽  
JACQUES MAGNAUDET
Keyword(s):  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Front Velocity ◽  
Wall Friction ◽  
Density Contrast ◽  
Density Currents ◽  
Wall Effects ◽  
Wide Range

We report on the results of a numerical study of nearly immiscible contrasted density currents aimed at shedding light on the influence of wall effects on current dynamics in the lock-exchange configuration. The numerical approach is an interface-capturing method which does not involve any explicit reconstruction of the interface. Navier–Stokes equations are solved on a fixed grid and a hyperbolic equation is used for the transport of the local volume fraction of one of the fluids. This allows us to describe the density currents for the complete range of density contrast 10−3≤ρL/ρH≤0.99 (ρL and ρH being the density of the light and heavy fluids) and a wide range of Reynolds number 70≤Re≤5×104 (based on the channel height and the viscosity of the heavy fluid). The use of free-slip vs. no-slip boundary conditions enables us to separate the dissipation at the interface from the dissipation at the boundaries. Present results reveal that wall effects play a significant role on the propagation of contrasted density currents, unlike dissipation at the interface. It is first shown that when wall friction can be neglected, theoretical models based on the inviscid shallow-water approximations and Benjamin's steady-state result describe fairly well the light and heavy front velocities of density currents for the complete range of density ratio. However, when wall friction cannot be neglected, the results depart significantly from the prediction of inviscid theories. It is observed that most of the dissipation in highly contrasted currents takes place at the bottom wall and is a maximum at the head of the heavy current. This dissipation is shown to be responsible for the decrease of the front velocity. We propose a simple model based on Benjamin's analysis that includes wall friction. Keeping in mind the simplicity and limitations of the present model, the prediction of the front velocity of both the heavy and light currents is observed to be in good agreement with the numerical results for the complete range of density contrast. This gives further support to the idea that wall effects are the crucial ingredient for accurately predicting the front velocity of highly contrasted density currents.

Effect of Different Air Content on Cavitation with Ultrasonic Treatment

2013 ◽  
Vol 655-657 ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Wu Kang ◽  
Yi Sen Hu ◽  
Ji Yu Ma ◽  
Tian You Huang
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Ultrasonic Treatment ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Nucleation Site ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Cavitation Model ◽  
Air Content ◽  
Bubble Layer

Ultrasonic treatment is a hot research topic in the treatment of the melt of metals. Numerical simulation is a useful method to unveil the principles of ultrasonic treatment. In this paper, the Novier-Stoke equations and the cavitation model are coupled to simulate the cavitation during ultrasonic treatment by using Fluent. It is found that as the nucleation site volume fraction increases to a certain degree, there will be a bubble layer surrounding the amplitude transformer, which insulates the effect of ultrasound beyond the bubble blanket. Experiment was carried out, and the simulated results were validated. And the effect of nucleation site volume fraction in water is investigated. The nucleation site volume fraction should be controlled into a certain range to realize uniform cavitation.

scholarly journals Research on Cavitation of the Rotating-Sleeve Distributing Flow System Considering Different Cam Groove Profiles

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2139
Author(s):  
Shanxiao Du ◽  
Jichao Hong ◽  
Hongxin Zhang ◽  
Qinghai Zhao ◽  
Tiezhu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Volumetric Efficiency ◽  
Piston Pump ◽  
Operating Frequency ◽  
Cavitation Model ◽  
Pump Chamber ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Further Development

Reciprocating piston pumps are widely used in various fields, such as automobiles, ships, aviation, and engineering machinery. Conventional reciprocating piston pump distributing flow (RPPDF) systems have the disadvantages of a loose structure and low volumetric efficiency, as well as affected positively by the operating frequency. In this paper, a novel rotating-sleeve distributing flow (RSDF) system is presented for bridging these drawbacks, as well as structurally improved to overcome the inoperable and challenging problems in oil intake and discharge found in the experiment. Moreover, the Singhal cavitation model specifically for the RSDF system and four-cam groove profiles (CGPs) is established. To find the most suitable CGP to reduce the RSDF’s cavitation, the cavitation of the RSDF system was investigated, combining with simulations by taking into account the gap among the rotating sleeve, the pump chamber, and experiments on four presented CGPs. Simulation results based on vapor volume fraction, cavitation ratio, and volumetric efficiency show that the linear profile’s cavitation is the weakest. Finally, the correctness of the simulation is verified through orthogonal experiments. This research is of great significance to the further development of the RSDF system; more important, it has great potential to promote the reform of the RPPDF method.

Parallelized numerical modeling of the interaction of a solid object with immiscible incompressible two-phase fluid flow

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirmahdi Ghasemi ◽  
R. Nikbakhti ◽  
Amirreza Ghasemi ◽  
Faraz Hedayati ◽  
Amir Malvandi
Keyword(s):  
Level Set ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
High Density ◽  
Immersed Boundary ◽  
Immersed Boundary Methods ◽  
Solid Object ◽  
Computational Tool ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Content Type

Purpose A numerical method is developed to capture the interaction of solid object with two-phase flow with high density ratios. The current computational tool would be the first step of accurate modeling of wave energy converters in which the immense energy of the ocean can be extracted at low cost. Design/methodology/approach The full two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are discretized on a regular structured grid, and the two-step projection method along with multi-processing (OpenMP) is used to efficiently solve the flow equations. The level set and the immersed boundary methods are used to capture the free surface of a fluid and a solid object, respectively. The full two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved on a regular structured grid to resolve the flow field. Level set and immersed boundary methods are used to capture the free surface of liquid and solid object, respectively. A proper contact angle between the solid object and the fluid is used to enhance the accuracy of the advection of the mass and momentum of the fluids in three-phase cells. Findings The computational tool is verified based on numerical and experimental data with two scenarios: a cylinder falling into a rectangular domain due to gravity and a dam breaking in the presence of a fixed obstacle. In the former validation simulation, the accuracy of the immersed boundary method is verified. However, the accuracy of the level set method while the computational tool can model the high-density ratio is confirmed in the dam-breaking simulation. The results obtained from the current method are in good agreement with experimental data and other numerical studies. Practical/implications The computational tool is capable of being parallelized to reduce the computational cost; therefore, an OpenMP is used to solve the flow equations. Its application is seen in the following: wind energy conversion, interaction of solid object such as wind turbine with water waves, etc. Originality/value A high efficient CFD approach method is introduced to capture the interaction of solid object with a two-phase flow where they have high-density ratio. The current method has the ability to efficiently be parallelized.

Combined Marangoni and buoyancy convection in a porous annular cavity filled with Ag-MgO/water hybrid nanofluid

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kanimozhi ◽  
M. Muthtamilselvan ◽  
Qasem M. Al-Mdallal ◽  
Bahaaeldin Abdalla
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Axial Magnetic Field ◽  
Vertical Wall ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Hybrid Nanofluid ◽  
Radial Magnetic Field ◽  
Navier Stokes Equations ◽  
Buoyancy Convection

Background: This article numerically examines the effect of buoyancy and Marangoni convection in a porous enclosure formed by two concentric cylinders filled with Ag-MgO water hybrid nanofluid. The inner wall of the cavity is maintained at a hot temperature and the outer vertical wall is considered to be cold. The adiabatic condition is assumed for other two boundaries. The effect of magnetic field is considered in radial and axial directions. The Brinkman-extended Darcy model has been adopted in the governing equations. Methods: The finite difference scheme is employed to work out the governing Navier-Stokes equations. The numerically simulated outputs are deliberated in terms of isotherms, streamlines, velocityand average Nusselt number profiles for numerous governing parameters. Results: Except for a greater magnitude of axial magnetic field, our results suggest that the rate of thermal transport accelerates as the nanoparticle volume fraction grows.Also, it is observed that there is an escalation in the profile of average Nusselt numberwith an enhancement in Marangoni number. Conclusion: Furthermore, the suppression of heat and fluid flow in the tall annulus is mainly due to the radial magnetic field whereas in shallow annulus, the axial magnetic field profoundly affects the flow field and thermal transfer.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ISOTHERMAL AND THERMAL TWO-PHASE FLOWS USING PHASE-FIELD MODELING

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. 536-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAOKI TAKADA ◽  
AKIO TOMIYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Phase Field ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Phase Field Modeling ◽  
Two Phase Flows ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Navier Stokes Equations ◽  
Field Modeling ◽  
High Density Ratio

For interface-tracking simulation of two-phase flows in various micro-fluidics devices, we examined the applicability of two versions of computational fluid dynamics method, NS-PFM, combining Navier-Stokes equations with phase-field modeling for interface based on the van der Waals-Cahn-Hilliard free-energy theory. Through the numerical simulations, the following major findings were obtained: (1) The first version of NS-PFM gives good predictions of interfacial shapes and motions in an incompressible, isothermal two-phase fluid with high density ratio on solid surface with heterogeneous wettability. (2) The second version successfully captures liquid-vapor motions with heat and mass transfer across interfaces in phase change of a non-ideal fluid around the critical point.

On the Impact of Liquid Drops on Immiscible Liquids

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Castillo-Orozco ◽  
Ashkan Davanlou ◽  
Pretam K. Choudhury ◽  
Ranganathan Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Impact Behavior ◽  
Immiscible Fluid ◽  
Liquid Droplets ◽  
Liquid Drops ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
The Impact

The release of liquid hydrocarbons into the water is one of the environmental issues that have attracted more attention after deepwater horizon oil spill in Gulf of Mexico. The understanding of the interaction between liquid droplets impacting on an immiscible fluid is important for cleaning up oil spills as well as the demulsification process. Here we study the impact of low-viscosity liquid drops on high-viscosity liquid pools, e.g. water and ethanol droplets on a silicone oil 10cSt bath. We use an ultrafast camera and image processing to provide a detailed description of the impact phenomenon. Our observations suggest that viscosity and density ratio of the two media play a major role in the post-impact behavior. When the droplet density is larger than that of the pool, additional cavity is generated inside the pool. However, if the density of the droplet is lower than the pool, droplet momentary penetration may be facilitated by high impact velocities. In crown splash regime, the pool properties as well as drop properties play an important role. In addition, the appearance of the central jet is highly affected by the properties of the impacting droplet. In general, the size of generated daughter droplets as well as the thickness of the jet is reduced compared to the impact of droplets with the pool of an identical fluid.

scholarly journals Complex Precipitates of TiN-MCx in GCr15 Bearing Steel

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianren Tian ◽  
Guocheng Wang ◽  
Xinghu Yuan ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Seetharaman Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Nucleation Site ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Precipitation Behavior ◽  
Heterogeneous Nucleation Site ◽  
Bearing Steels ◽  
Advancing Front ◽  
Gcr15 Bearing Steel ◽  
Second Phases

Nitride and carbide are the second phases which play an important role in the performance of bearing steel, and their precipitation behavior is complicated. In this study, TiN-MCx precipitations in GCr15 bearing steels were obtained by non-aqueous electrolysis, and their precipitation mechanisms were studied. TiN is the effective heterogeneous nucleation site for Fe7C3 and Fe3C, therefore, MCx can precipitate on the surface of TiN easily, its chemistry component consists of M3C and M7C3 (M = Fe, Cr, Mn) and Cr3C2. TiN-MCx with high TiN volume fraction, TiN forms in early stage of solidification, and MCx precipitates on TiN surface after TiN engulfed by the solidification advancing front. TiN-MCx with low TiN volume fraction, TiN and MCx form in late stage of solidification, TiN can not grow sufficiently and is covered by a large number of precipitated MCx particles.

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